ann
(Ann)
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Shaanxi-Sichuan governor-general Yue Zhongqi urging he lead a rebel-
lion as the descendant of the famous Song general, Han ethnic hero, and
martyr Yue Fei, who had fought the Jurchen Jin. Yue Zhongqi turned
Zeng in, and he was interrogated and ultimately spared after his public
retraction, which was also published as part of theDayi juemi lu.
In the process of denouncing the intellectual heirs of thinkers such as
Lü, the Yongzheng emperor made a direct refutation of dissident Han-
space concepts. The emperor rejected the notion that there should be any
discriminatory distinction “between Han and barbarian [Hua yi]”
because the Qing has received the mandate of heaven to rule both“within
and beyond China [zhongwai].”So it was“particularly inappropriate”to
treat anyone who acquiesced and became a loyal subject differently on the
basis of ethnic identity. The emperor also objected to ideas that sought to
“erect barriers”between Manchus and Han, because they were rooted in
ignorance of the fact that “Manchuria is like one of China’s native
territories.”^44
The emperor’s father, the Kangxi emperor, had helped to set a prece-
dent for this assertion, although the Yongzheng emperor made no direct
reference to it. A 1677 expedition had been dispatched to Manchuria to
determine the precise location of the Changbai Mountain range (Chang-
baishan; Ma: GolminŠanggiyan Alin), in part to confirm its location as the
numinous center of the Manchu’s original homeland. Upon its discovery,
the Kangxi emperor decreed that“the mountain’s mystic power”should
be formally recognized through the institution of ritual sacrifices to its
officially designated spirit, so that Changbai’s“ritual codes will be like
those of the Five Marchmounts.”^45 The cardinal points of Hanspace were
in this way extended northeast in the form of a Manchurian Marchmount.
The Kangxi emperor, however, expressed a significantly different
orientation in a conversation with his senior court officials in 1709.
The emperor queried one of his Grand Secretaries, Li Guangdi, as to
the geographic origin of Shandong’s terrestrial veins that formed its
mountains. The emperor authoritatively corrected Li’s reply that these
ran from locales in Shaanxi and Henan. He asserted that all of Shan-
dong’s mountains, including the chief of the Five Marchmounts, Taishan,
were ultimately rooted in the Changbai range. Terrestrial veins ran under
the Gulf of Bohai to form a“dragon of surpassing extent.”Li accordingly
deferred to the emperor’s“wide and comprehensive”canonical know-
ledge.^46 Qing rule was literally redrawing the map of Hanspace and
impressing it on Han elites, whose reception, sincere or not, was certainly
public. Quantitative, and even locational, revision was not new to
Qing Fields in Theory and Practice 37
