adult male captives that may have appeared in thefirstyearoftheKangxi
emperor’s reign. This is one indication that manpower raids continued after
1644.^52 Officers involved in operations launched from Ningguta were
rewarded based on the number of households subjugated, ranked atfive
ascending levels of twenty-unit increments from twenty to one hundred.^53
Although subject to quotas that included punishment for shortfalls and
rewards for overfulfillment like any other forage, indigenous captives, as
Hong Taiji emphasized to 2 , 541 of his raiders in 1634 , shared with their
captors a common language and descent. Consequently, they would be
“pacified...withfine words” expressing these ties. Prisoners would
be“taken in hand,”so they would“submit en masse”for“employment
on our behalf.”They were valuable resources to be treated well, not
subjected to abuse.^54
The Jurchen and otheraimangroups had been conducting such raids
for nearly two centuries at least to obtain another, southern type of
valuable human resource, Han farmers. More than one hundred thou-
sand were estimated in 1543 to have been killed or taken in ninety-seven
raids during the Ming Chenghua emperor’s reign ( 1464 – 87 ) alone.^55
They were a considerable addition to what a Ming official envoy to the
Jurchen in 1443 reported as the“many Chinese in the Jurchen savages’
households compelled to till the land.”^56
table 1Jin and Qing Manpower Raids on Donghai Jurchen, 1631 – 40
Raid
Date AimanRaided
Captive
MalesAdditional
CaptivesOther
Plunder Source (QSL)1631 Warka 1 ,219 1, 887 G, P 2 : 113 b
1632 Ujalaa N/A 700 b L, P 2 : 177 a–b
1633 Ujala N/A 565 c L, P 2 : 181 a–b
1634 Hūrha 1 ,116 2, 424 G, L, P 2 : 242 b, 268 a–b
1635 Warka 5 ,534 4, 819 L, P 2 : 301 a, 329 b– 330 b
1636 Warka 1 ,896 1, 479 L, P, G 2 : 356 b, 369 b, 375 a
1638 Warka,
Gūaleca
1 ,520 2, 952 L, P 2 : 519 b– 20 a,
538 b– 39 b, 546 a
1640 Hūrha, Kurka,
Ujala
2 ,954 6, 129 P 2 : 675 b– 76 b,
688 a–b, 691 b– 92 a,
695 a–b
Total 14 ,239 20, 955
Notes:G = ginseng, L = livestock, P = pelts.
aClan name.
bIncludes men women and children.
cAge and gender unspecified.