< 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
False discovery rates (qvalue) of the metabolo-
mics and 16SrDNA amplicon sequencing data
were estimated with the Benjamini-Hochberg
procedure. The Smirnov-Grubbs’test was used
for evaluating outliers. The similarity of micro-
biomes was tested using PERMANOVA (per-
mutational multivariate analysis of variance).
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank K. Igarashi for metabolome analysis; A. Nagata for SCFA
analysis; M. Arita and S. Kasuga for in vitro assay; and T. Sasaki,
M. Akehi, and H. Hirano for PET imaging.Funding:This work
was supported by research grants from the JSPS KAKENHI
(JP17H05344 to I.K., JP15H05897 and JP15H05898 to M.A.,
and JP18H04680 and JP17KT0055 to K.H.), AMED (JP18gm1010007
to I.K. and JP18gm1010004h0103 to K.H.), the Lotte Foundation
(to I.K.), the Institute for Fermentation Osaka (to I.K.), the
Takeda Science Foundation (to H.K.), the Asahi Grass Foundation
(to K.H.), and the Yakult Science Foundation (to K.H.).Author
contributions:I.K., J.M., R.O.-K., K.W., T.Y., M.O., R.A., Y.I., D.K.,
D.I., A.I., Y.T., S.T., S.K., M.W., M.I., F.N., H.K., M.S., K.I., and K.H.
performed the experiments. I.K., J.M., R.O.-K., and K.H. wrote the
manuscript. I.K., J.M., R.O.-K., J.I., G.T., H.O., M.A., H.I., and
K.H. interpreted the data. I.K. and K.H. supervised the project. All
authors read and approved the final manuscript.Competing interests:
Theauthorsdeclarenocompetinginterests.Data and materials
availability:ThesourcedataunderlyingFigs.1to6,figs.S1toS24,and
metabolome analysis have been deposited into the Dryad repository
( 52 ). The raw data for 16SrDNA amplicon sequencing have been
deposited at the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) under the accession
nos. DRA007699 (fig. S3, A and B), DRA007700 (fig. S5, A and B),
DRA009267 (fig. S6, A and B), DRA007701 (fig. S13, A and B),
DRA009265 (fig. S19, A and B), and DRA009266 (fig. S23, A and B). All
other data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this
article and its supplementary materials.SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
science.sciencemag.org/content/367/6481/eaaw8429/suppl/DC1
Figs. S1 to S24
Tables S1 to S5
View/request a protocol for this paper fromBio-protocol.30 January 2019; resubmitted 25 November 2019
Accepted 13 January 2020
10.1126/science.aaw8429Kimuraet al.,Science 367 , eaaw8429 (2020) 28 February 2020 12 of 12
RESEARCH | RESEARCH ARTICLE