111- Proses pembelajaran ini berupaya membantu peserta menjana idea baharu (inovasi) dan
mengembangkan kreativiti dalam kalangan peserta jika berlaku secara berterusan.
Tambahan, aktiviti ini memberi peluang kepada peserta untuk membuat refleksi terhadap
pengetahuan/idea sedia ada, dan seterusnya menstruktur semula idea. - Systems and System Models: A system is an organized group of related objects or
components; models can be used for understanding and predicting the behavior of systems.- Systems can be designed to do specific tasks.
- Systems have parts that work together.
- A system is a group of related parts that make up a whole and can carry out functions
its individual parts cannot. - A system can be described in terms of its components and their interactions.
- Systems may interact with other systems; they may have sub-systems and be a part of
larger complex systems. - When investigating or describing a system, the boundaries and initial conditions of
the system need to be defined and their inputs and outputs analyzed and described
using models. - Models (e.g., physical, mathematical, computer models) can be used to represent
or/and simulate systems and interactions —such as inputs, processes and outputs—
and energy, matter, and information flows within and between systems. - Models are limited in that they only represent certain aspects of the system under
study. - Models can be used to predict the behavior of a system, but these predictions have
limited precision and reliability due to the assumptions and approximations inherent
in models. - Patterns of performance of designed systems can be analyzed and interpreted to
reengineer and improve the system.
Rujukan
Arık, M. & Topçu, M. S. (2020). Implementation of engineering design process in the K-12
science classrooms: Trends and issues. Research in Science Education.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-019-09912-x
Balaban, A. T., & Klein, D. J. (2006). Is chemistry “The Central Science”? How are different
sciences related? Co-citations, reductionism, emergence, and posets. Scientometrics,
69 (3), 615–637. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-006-0173-2
Biomimicry Institute. (2020). What is biomimicry? Retrieved from
https://biomimicry.org/what-is-biomimicry/
Bryan, L. A., Moore, T. J., Johnson, C. C., & Roehrig, G. H. (2016). Integrated STEM
education. In C. C. Johnson, E. E. Peters-Burton, & T. J. Moore (Eds.), STEM road
map: A framework for integrated STEM education (pp. 23–37). New York, NY:
Routledge.
Bybee, R. W. (2010). Advancing STEM education: A 2020 vision. Technology and
Engineering Teacher, 70 (1), 30–35.
Department of Education, Skills and Employment Australia (2020). What works best when
teaching STEM? Retrieved from https://www.education.gov.au/national-stem-
education-resources-toolkit/what-works-best-when-teaching-stem