The Science Book

119 See also: Isaac Newton 62–69 ■ Alessandro Volta 90–95 ■ Joseph Proust 105 ■ Humphry Davy 114 ■ August Kekulé 160–65 ■ Linus ...

120 See also: William Gilbert 44 ■ Alessandro Volta 90–95 ■ Michael Faraday 121 ■ James Clerk Maxwell 180–85 T he quest to disco ...

121 See also: Alessandro Volta 90–95 ■ Hans Christian Ørsted 120 ■ James Clerk Maxwell 180–85 B ritish scientist Michael Faraday ...

122 HEAT PENETRATES EVERY SUBSTANCE IN THE UNIVERSE JOSEPH FOURIER (1777–1831) T oday, one of the most fundamental laws of physi ...

A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 123 Fourier focused on the idea of waves, and finding a way to represent them mathematically. He saw that ...

124 THE ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES FROM INORGANIC SUBSTANCES FRIEDRICH WÖHLER (1800–1882) I n 1807, the Swedish ...

A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 125 by the number and kinds of atoms in the molecule but also by the atoms’ arrangement. The same formula ...

126 See also: George Hadley 80 ■ Robert FitzRoy 150–55 A ir and ocean currents do not flow in straight lines. As the currents mo ...

127 See also: Ole Rømer 58–59 ■ Edwin Hubble 236–41 ■ Geoffrey Marcy 327 T he color of light depends on its frequency, which is ...

128 THE GLACIER WAS GOD’S GREAT PLOUGH LOUIS AGASSIZ (1807–1873) W hen glaciers sweep across a landscape, they leave signature f ...

129 Agassiz was the first to suggest that large erratics, such as these in the Caher Valley of Ireland, were deposited by ancien ...

NATURE CAN BE REPRESENTED AS ONE GREAT WHOLE ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT (1769 –1859) ...

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132 ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT T he study of the interrelationship between the animate and inanimate world, known as ecology, only b ...

A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 133 Nature’s unifying forces Humboldt’s approach to nature followed in the late 18th-century Romantic trad ...

134 ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT By the end of the 19th century, the first university course in ecology was being taught by the Danish ...

A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 135 organisms. Elton also recognized that particular groups of organisms occupied certain niches in the fo ...

136 LIGHT TRAVELS MORE SLOWLY IN WATER THAN IN AIR LÉON FOUCAULT (1819–1868) I n the 17th century, scientists began to investiga ...

137 In Foucault’s experiment, the speed of light was calculated from the difference in angle as a beam of light reflected back a ...

138 See also: Isaac Newton 62–69 ■ Joseph Black 76–77 ■ Joseph Fourier 122–23 T he principle of the conservation of energy state ...