The Philosophy Book

199 See also: Niccolò Machiavelli 102–07 ■ Jean-Jacques Rousseau 154–59 ■ Adam Smith 160–63 ■ Georg Hegel 178–85 ■ Ludwig Andrea ...

200 contains within it an internal conflict (the “antithesis”) that eventually forces a change to occur, leading to a new idea o ...

201 The Industrial Revolution saw the formalization of specialized skills into paid employment. People then formed into groups, ...

202 be the utopian, conflict-free society that marked the end of the dialectic. Marx thought this perfect society would not requ ...

203 Marxist states of the 20th century promoted themselves as utopias. They produced a proliferation of paintings and statues gl ...

204 See also: Jean-Jacques Rousseau 154–59 ■ Adam Smith 160–63 ■ Edmund Burke 172–73 ■ Karl Marx 196–203 ■ Isaiah Berlin 280–81 ...

205 See also: John Locke 130–33 ■ Immanuel Kant 164–71 ■ William James 206–09 ■ John Dewey 228–31 ■ Richard Rorty 314–19 C harle ...

206 ACT AS IF WHAT YOU DO MAKES A DIFFERENCE WILLIAM JAMES (1842–1910) IN CONTEXT BRANCH Epistemology APPROACH Pragmatism BEFORE ...

207 See also: John Stuart Mill 190–93 ■ Charles Sanders Peirce 205 ■ Henri Bergson 226–27 ■ John Dewey 228–31 ■ Bertrand Russell ...

208 WILLIAM JAMES For James, the truth of an idea depends on how useful it is; that is to say, whether or not it does what is re ...

209 Religious belief can bring about extraordinary changes in people’s lives, such as the healing of the sick at places of pilgr ...

THE MOD WORLD 1900 –1950 ...

ERN ...

212 T oward the end of the 19th century, philosophy once again reached a turning point. Science, and particularly Charles Darwin ...

213 also made key contributions in areas as diverse as perception, ethics, and aesthetics, becoming one of the greatest thinkers ...

MAN IS SOMETHING TO BE SURPASSED FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE (1844–1900) ...

...

216 IN CONTEXT BRANCH Ethics APPROACH Existentialism BEFORE 380 BCE Plato explores the distinction between reality and appearanc ...

217 Friedrich Nietzsche Nietzsche was born in Prussia in 1844 to a religious family; his father, uncle, and grandfathers were al ...

218 FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE just another showman, or perhaps even a warm-up performer for the tightrope-walker. In opening his book ...