Cohesive substitution in English and German 219
2.2.1.3 Additional nominal types. Quirk et al. identify a wider range of nominal
substitutes in English than one and same focused on in Halliday and Hasan. They
assign a substitutive quality to all “indefinite (quantitative) pronouns of the kind
which enter into the of-construction” (1985: 865). They additionally include occur-
rences of that/those in cases where the demonstrative pronouns are “followed by
restrictive postmodification” (Quirk et al. 1985: 872). They argue that in these
cases, there is equivalence in function to the one and the ones respectively, i.e. as
substitutes for count nouns. That can also be used as a substitute with a noncount
noun, where the one cannot be used:
(30) The victim’s own blood was of a different blood group from that [= the blood]
found on the floor.
Furthermore, those but not that can have an antecedent that refers to a human
entity:
(31) The blonde girls I saw were older than the ones/those you were dancing with.
The singular form that in its function as a substitute, as in (32), was much less
frequent in the English subcorpora than the plural those, illustrated in (33):
(32) The problem with digitalis glycosides is that the full therapeutic dose is very
close to that at which toxic effects develop. [ETRANS_POPSCI]
(33) Jaff ’s vibrating probe confirmed that this was caused by electrical currents
similar to those in Fucus. [EO_POPSCI]
Note that postmodification by a participle is frequent in English, but strongly
marked as formal and correspondingly rare in German:
(34) On the other hand, public diplomacy, such as that conducted by the USA ...
[EO_SPEECH]
... als die von den USA praktizierte...
An equivalent function to the demonstrative substitutes in English seems to
be expressed by the demonstrative pronoun der/die/das + postmodification in
German:
(35) Die blonden Mädchen, die ich gesehen habe, waren älter als die, mit denen
Du getanzt hast.
In contrast to English, however, the singular forms can also be used with a per-
sonal antecedent:
(36) Das blonde Mädchen, das ich gesehen habe, war älter als das, mit dem Du
getanzt hast.