Appendix A
115Appendix A
CONSONANT CHANGES
In dat. pl. :k, g, x + s = jp, b, f + s = ct, d, y, n drop before s (When both nt drop, the preceding e lengthens to ei,
o lengthens to ou.)In pf. mid. of consonant stems, principal part ending inVOWEL CONTRACTIONS
- ae becomes a. aei becomes &
- ao, av, aou become v
- ee, eei become ei
- eo, eou become eu/ou
- oe, oo become ou.
REDUPLICATION IN PF. STEM
- Stems beginning w. single consonant prefix initial consonant and e
(e.g., lu- becomes l°luk-). - Stems beginning w. two consonants simply prefix e (e.g., st°ll- becomes ¶stalk-).
- Stems beginning w. short vowel or w. diphthong lengthen initial vowel (e.g., èmartãn-
becomes ≤mãrthk-; aflr°- becomes ørhk-). - Stems beginning w. mute plus liquid (p, b, f, k, g, x, t, d, y plus l, m, n
or r) prefix the mute with e (e.g., grãf- becomes g°-graf-).
a. but initial gn follows rule 2, above.
b. Initial f, x, y become p, k, t in reduplicating (e.g., file- becomes pe-f¤lhk-).- Some reduplications are irregular.
SYNTAX OF THE NOUN
- NOMINATIVE: case of subject of a finite verb.
- GENITIVE: possession, partitive (whole), contents, material, separation;
w. certain verbs, adjectives, prepositions. - DATIVE: indirect object, reference, possession; instrumental (means, manner); locative (where,
when); w. certain verbs, adjectives, prepositions. - ACCUSATIVE: case of object of action, motion, thought (direct object, place to which, subject
of infinitive in indirect discourse, w. certain prepositions). Special uses: a) cognate, governed by
intransitive verb of related meaning, e.g., makrØn ıdÚn ≥lyomen. We came a long journey. b)
specification, specifying in what respect the idea contained in an accompanying word is true,
e.g., nÒon §sylÒw Noble in mind. - VOCATIVE: case of direct address.
m + s = c g + s = j s + s = s
m + t = pt g + t = kt s + t = st
m + sy = fy g + sy = xy s + sy = sy
m + nt = fat g + nt = xat s + nt = yat