3 The Two Adjective Classes in Manange 87Adjectives and nouns participate in only bi-clausal causation, while verbs and
verb-like adjectives participate in all three strategies.^7
In morphological causatives, a verb or verb-like adjective compounds with the
verb iU 'do' to increase the valency of the clause, creating an agentive 'causer' and a
dative/locative-marked 'causee':
(33) Verb in morphological causative
iale=ko=tse inani=ri 3km iU imi
boy=DEF=ERG child=LOC cry do EVID
"The boy made the child cry.'
(34) Verb-like adjective in morphological causative
iyA=tse 2kyu=ko 3pla iU-tsi
isg=ERG water=DEF cold do-PERF
'I chilled the water/made it cold.'
As is described in more detail in §4, while verb-like adjectives participate to a lim-
ited extent in morphological causatives, simple adjectives do not compound dir-
ectly with I!A 'do' to form a causative clause. Therefore, an example such as (35)
below is unacceptable to Manange speakers:
(35) *ir)A=tse 2shosho=ko wlkya iU-tsi
isg=ERG paper=DEF red do-PERF
'I made the paper red/reddened the paper.'
Rather, an acceptable way of conveying the causing of paper to become red is done
through a bi-clausal causative. In this strategy, the agent/causer is ergative-marked,
and is followed by iU 'do' which takes the clause-chaining suffix -tee. The caused
action is expressed in a second clause, as in:
(36) iyA=tse iU-tse 2shosho wlkya itA imi
isg=ERG do-en paper red become EVID
T made the paper red/reddened the paper.'
Like simple adjectives, nouns do not occur in morphological causatives. Therefore
the way to say a sentence like T made him (become) a doctor' would be expressed
in a sentence like T taught him to be a doctor,' or in a bi-clausal structure like:
(37) iyA=tse iU-tse ikhi lamtsi itA imi
isg=ERG do-en 3sg doctor become EVID
T made him become a doctor (through my doing/influence).'
(^7) The word ikharkyA 'dry' is the one simple adjective that can appear in a morphological causa-
tive, e.g. ikharkyA ilA-tsi 'to dry something'. Since drying of food and clothing are common Manange
activities, this form is probably used with more frequency than others, so allows the simpler mor-
phological causative.