9o Carol Ge.ne.ttl and Kristine Hildebrandt
(39) 4pholpA ^yan-pA-ni,
frog get-NR-SEQ
ikhim 4rji 4pholpA=ko ipu ikhA-tsi,
3pl two frog=DEF bring come-PERF
'After having gotten the frog, the two of them brought the frog (home).'
If the first verb is stative, then it is required that the state be attained before the
onset of the second event or state. If the first state is indicated by a verb-like adjec-
tive, it is necessary to bring into the construction the verb itA 'become' which ex-
plicitly denotes completed entrance into the state, thus meeting the semantic con-
ditions necessary for the -ni subordinator:
(4°) SpArtA 2kyu=ko lie itA.-pA.-ni, 2te 2laq-tse,
pot water=DEF warm become-NR-SEQ take lift/pluck-cn
'After the water pot becomes warmlwarms, I take it off.'
In example (40) one cannot replace lie itA-pA-ni with ile-pA-ni, because the verb itA
'become' provides essential information about the completion of the warming. We
can see then that verbs and verb-like adjectives differ with respect to this suffix.
4.3. SYNTACTIC PROPERTIES OF VERB-LIKE ADJECTIVES
Verb-like adjectives function attributively (discussed in §4.3.1) and predicatively
(discussed in §4.3.2). In predicative contexts they sometimes occur as the intransi-
tive predicate, and they sometimes occur as copula complement. Unlike verbs,
verb-like adjectives may not occur in verbal complements (§4.3.3).
4.3.1. Attributive functionsVerb-like adjectives may occur in attributive contexts within the noun-phrase. The
majority of verb-like adjectives in this position are suffixed by the nominalizer
-pA.^8 When modifying a noun within an NP, attributive verb-like adjectives always
follow the noun:
(41) 2kyu ithyA-pA=ri ithe itA-tsi,
water big-NR=LOC throw become-PERF
'(The ashes) were thrown in big water (like a river).'
This behaviour is distinct from that of other verbs, which generally function at-
tributively in pre-nominal relative clauses (see examples 16-17 above).^9 Verb-like
adjectives do not occur pre-nominally. Thus there is a significant difference in the
(^8) There are four verb-like adjectives that may drop the nominalizer in both attributive and pre-
dicative contexts (consultants consider the forms with the nominalizer to be 'better' grammatically,
but the forms which lack the nominalizer are more frequent in both elicited and connected speech).
These are: 2nA 'sick, JSA 'tasty', lie 'warm', and spla cold'. All four words are common, frequently used
words in Manange. The lack of the nominalizer gives these forms the appearance of simple adjec-
tives, and we can speculate that these words might be in the process of shifting lexical class.
(^9) See note 5 for discussion of interesting ordering patterns in the speech of a younger speaker.