ioo Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald
Personal pronouns form their non-subject case with the suffix -na—see (6).
(6) nu-na di-harameta-pu-mhana namu-ne
isg-OBJ3sgnf-be.scared:CAUS-AUG-REM.p.NONVis evil.spirit-FOC.A/s
"The evil spirit (was the one who) really scared me'
Table 2 contains a summary of grammatical relations and their marking with the
core cases.
Prefix i. Cross-referencing prefixes (A/Sa) (3 persons in singular and in plural), or
negative ma-, or relative ka-
- ROOT
- Thematic syllable
- Causative -ita
- Negative -(ka)de
- Reciprocal (rarely: reflexive) -kaka
- -ina 'almost, a little bit'
Suffixes -< 8. Topic-advancing -ni, or passive -kana, or purposive non-visual -hyu, or
visual -karu - Verbal classifiers
- Benefactive -pena
- Relativizers or nominalizers: -ri, -mi 'object and locative nominalization';
-nipe 'action nominalization'; -kani 'agent nominalization' - Intentional =kasu 'be about to'
- Mood (several imperatives, declarative, frustrative, conditional, apprehen-
sive, interrogative fused with evidentiality and tense) - Aspect 'zone' I
- Habitual prescribed =hyuna 'what you do and what you ought to do'
i4b. Customary =kape
14C. Habitual repetitive =nipe
i4d. Anterior =nhi - Evidentiality and tense, e.g. =mhana 'nonvisual-remote.past'
- Epistemic =da 'doubt', =pada 'isn't it true that'
Enclitics -{ 17. Aktionsart (manner or extent of associated action, e.g. 'split open', 'step on
and feel pain', 'wag one's tail', 'away') - Degree (augmentative =pu (also meaning 'indeed'), diminutive (=tiki/tuki),
approximative (=iha/=whya 'more or less'), excessive (-ma 'too much')) - Aspect 'zone' II
iga. Prolonged, ongoing =daka 'yet, still'
igb. Perfective =sita 'already accomplished'
igc. Repetitive =pita 'once again'
igd. Completive =niki 'totally, completely' - Switch-reference and clause-chaining markers
- Emphatic enclitics =al=ya, =wani; evidence =so 'isn't it so?'
FIGURE i. Verb structure in Tariana