196 R. M. W. Dixon
circumstances but like a PN in some (for example, following augment modifier
mee within an NP). And the PN kori/koro-ne 'nakedness, lack of cover' appears
sometimes to behave like an adjective (being followed by mee within an NP). We
mentioned that one/owa 'another' may function both as a free noun and as an
adjective; there are, in addition, just a few instances where it appears to behave
like a PN. The word classes set up for Jarawara are fairly self-contained, but there
appears to be a little overlap between them, with hinita, kori/koro-ne and one/owa
each having a foot in more than one class.
5.4. DISTINGUISHING ADJECTIVES FROM NOMINALIZED VERBS
There are three intransitive verbs with meanings similar to the adjectives tati
'(fruit) full-sized but not yet ripe and ready to eat' and kini 'small, immature (fruit)
which has not yet reached its full size'. They are:
-hata- 'be ripe, mature'
-kaha- 'be roasted'
-ham- 'be boiled'The verb -hata- is used of fruit which has come into an edible state naturally; it
falls into the same semantic system as tati and kini. The other two verbs are used to
describe the two ways of making fruit, meat, or fish edible by cooking.
These three verbs are typically used in complement clauses or in other nom-
inalized frames. There is then no formal change to -haw- but the final a of-kaha-
and -hata- changes to i and the forms become -kahi- and -hati-. These have similar
meanings to adjectives but there are grammatical differences. Consider a sentence:
(37) aba mee kahi to-ha awine-ke
fish(m) AUG be.roasted:NOM AWAY-become:f SEEMS:f-DECLARATiVE:f
'it seems that there is roasted fish'
Now if kahi were a (simple or derived) adjective it would have to precede augment
modifier mee (see Table 2). The only possible analysis of (37) is for aba mee kahi
to be a complement clause which is subject of the copula verb (to-)ha- 'become'.
Within the complement clause, aba is S NP, mee is 3nsg pronoun in S function, and
-kaha- is the verb, its final a changing to i as the mark of a complement clause (this
is a kind of nominalization). That is:
(37') {laba]s {mee kahi})cs {to-ha mee
fish(m) 3nsgS be.roasted:coMP AWAY-become:f 3nsg
awine-ke}
SEEMS:f-DECLARATIVE:f
'it seems that there is roasted fish' (lit. fish being roasted appears to be-
come)
That is, the semantic field which describes foodstuffs as being unripe or ripe, raw