232 Ho-min Sohn
3.1.4. Derivational affixesWhile derivational prefixes do not change word classes, many derivational suffix-
es do. Most such suffixes are either verb-derivational (e.g. -keli 'keep doing'), adjec-
tive-derivational (e.g. -sulep characterized by'), noun-derivational (e.g. -um 'fact,
thing', -ki '-ing'), or adverb-derivational (e.g. -i '-ly', -nay 'finally').
One prefix shared by verbs, adjectives, and nouns is es- 'obliquely', as in verbs es-
kata (-go)'go awry', es-kelta (-hang) 'stack', adjectives es-kwuswu-hata (-tasty) 'rather
tasty', es-pisus-hata (-similar) 'somewhat similar', and nouns es-kakey 'slant-roofed
stall', es-kyel 'cross-grain' (of timber). On the other hand, prefixes like che- 'reckless-
ly', ds- 'randomly', nay- 'outwardly',/)/- 'twisted', se/- 'insufficiently', tes- 'additionally',
and yes- 'stealthily' occur only with verb stems, whereas prefixes like ol- 'early', say-
Isi- 'deep, vivid', tu- 'very', andyal- 'peevishly' occur only with adjective stems.
Suffixes like -chi (intensifier), -coli gently', -ttuli (intensifier), and -tay 'do repeat-
edly' occur only in verbs, whereas suffixes like -ah give the impression, -tap 'like',
-talah 'rather', -kyep 'full', and -mac 'characterized by' occur only in adjectives. While
no derivational suffix is shared by verbs and nouns or by adjectives and nouns, the
suffix -ci get/be characterized by' is shared by verbs and adjectives. It denotes pro-
cess in verbs and state in adjectives.
(15) Verb from noun: kunul-cita (shade-) get shaded'
ellwuk-cita (stain-) get stained'
Adjective from noun: entek-cita (hill-) 'hilly'
kaps-cita (price-) 'expensive'
Causative suffixes (-i, -hi, -ki, -li, -wu, -kwu, -chwu, -iwu, -ay) are also shared by
verbs and adjectives. While a causative suffix makes an intransitive verb transitive
and a transitive verb ditransitive, it makes an adjective a transitive verb.
(16) Verb:
Adjective:The most productive way of deriving verbs and adjectives from native or SK ver-
bal and adjectival nouns is to attach the predicate formative -hata 'do, be' to them.
If a noun denotes an activity or a process, hata means 'do' and the resultant word
is a verb, as in native nolay-hata (song-do) 'sing' and SKyehayng-hata (travel-do)
'take a trip'. If a noun denotes a property or a state, -hata means 'be' and the result-
ant word is an adjective, as in native kkaykkus-hata (cleanness-be) 'clean and SK
hayngpok-hata (happiness-be) 'happy'. The difference shows up when they inflect
in the non-past indicative form, as inyehayng-ha-n-ta 'takes a trip' vs. hayngpok-
ha-ta 'is happy' and yehayng-ha-nu-n salam 'a person who travels' and hayngpok-
ha-n salam 'a happy person.
transitive/ ditransitive:transitive verb:wus-kita (laugh-)mek-ita (eat-)nelp-hita (wide-)
kh-iwuta (big-)'make (him)
laugh'
'feed (food) to
(animate)'
'widen
'enlarge, raise'