Cornwallis to Eden, 6 June 1941, reprinted in Robert L. Jarman, ed.,
Political Diaries of the Arab World: Iraq, vol. 6 (1932–1947) (Slough:
Archive Editions, 1998) [PDAW], 506. The most insightful archives-
based source on Iraqi nationalism, as it evolved initially among members of
the Sherifian officer corps, and its effect on the Shia and cultural minorities
is Liora Lukitz, Iraq: The Search for National Identity (London: Frank
Cass, 1995), 90–103, 107–21. See also Mark Heller, ‘Politics and the
Military in Iraq and Jordan, 1920–1958: The British Influence’, Armed
Forces and Society 4 (1977): 75–99.
CICI Weekly Intelligence Summary and Précis of Information No. 18, 14
June 1941, AIR 29/2504, TNA.
Appendix to MEIC Summary No. 549, 8 July 1941, WO 208/1560,
TNA; Appendix to MEIC Summary No. 592, 28 August 1941, WO
208/1560, TNA.
Cornwallis to Eden, 11 July 1941, reprinted in PDAW, 508–10.
For E.K. ‘Chokra’ Wood (head of CICI), educated at St Peter’s York and
Wellington Cadet College (IA), and Hanbury Dawson-Shepherd (Defence
Security Officer [DSO], Iraq), educated at Stowe and London University,
see Chap. 6.
Most PAs were Arabic-speaking former Iraqi government or IPC employ-
ees. Daniel Silverfarb, The Twilight of British Ascendancy in the Middle East:
A Case Study of Iraq, 1941–1950 (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1994), 17.
Archie Roosevelt called them ‘kinglets.’ Hugh Wilford, America’s Great
Game: The CIA’s Secret Arabists and the Shaping of the Modern Middle East
(New York: Basic Books, 2013), 44.
Matthew Elliot, ‘Independent Iraq’: The Monarchy and British Influence
from 1941–1958 (London: Tauris Academic Studies, 1996), 142–3. For
the locations of political advisers and ALOs, see Appendix E. For an exam-
ple of how frictionless cooperation worked between local APAs and ALOs,
see the correspondence on alleged Turkish incursions into northern Iraq at
AIR 23/5951, TNA, also reproduced in Anita L.P. Burdett, ed., Iraq:
Defence Intelligence 1920–1973 (Slough: Archive Editions, 2005), 49–51.
Edmonds to Cornwallis, 12 July 1941, Iraq Political Situation, 1939–
1941, File 3, Box 2, Cecil John Edmonds Collection, GB165-0095,
Middle East Centre Archive, St Antony’s College (Oxford) [MECA].
Hugh Christopher Holme (1907–1991) was the celebrated Reuters cor-
respondent who first broke the story of the bombing of Guernica in 1937.
See Christopher Holme, ‘The Reporter at Guernica’, British Journalism
Review 6, no. 2 (1995): 46–51. Holme was also a fine poet.
Curiously, Seton Lloyd’s cover job was not British but Iraqi. He ran the
famous Antiquities Museum established by Gertrude Bell shortly before
her death in 1926.
Preserving cover with a euphemism, Stark described her Ikhwan-al-hurriya
(Brotherhood of Freedom) as belonging officially to embassy publicity, but
