210
(Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2012), 324–49. Müller’s concept was based partly
on his own highly romantic memoir of Kurdistan, published before the
war, which contained elements of pure fantasy: Gottfried Johannes Müller,
Einbruch ins verschlossene Kurdistan (Reutlingen: Philadelphia-
Buchhandlung A. Fuhr, 1937). On Müller’s self-importance and how he
pitched his plan, see: Report on further interrogation of Hoffmann, 21
July–1 August 1943, KV 2/1734, TNA, quoted by Lemke, Irak und
Arabien, 342.
- For Art Dayton and Hans Hoff ’s contemporary OSS appreciation of
Mahmud’s activities before the Second World War, see G 5438, 14
September 1944, CIA Research Tool (CREST) document, NARA. On his
contrasting prewar and wartime positions, see D.K. Fieldhouse, ed., Kurds,
Arabs and Britons: The Memoir of Wallace Lyon in Iraq, 1918–44 (London:
I.B. Tauris, 2002), 42–3, 46–7.
- Freya Stark, East Is West (London: John Murray, 1945), 184–6.
- Dayton and Hoff, OSS-SI Baghdad, G 5076, 30 August 1944, CIA
Research Tool (CREST) document, NARA.
- First detailed interrogation report on Mueller, Agt., by Major Edmund
Tilley, 27 October 1943, WO 201/1402B, TNA. For a more detailed
treatment of Operation MAMMUT, see my doctoral thesis: O’Sullivan,
‘German Covert Initiatives,’ 142–52. Another useful thesis is Pherset
Rosbeiani, ‘Das Unternehmen “Mammut”: Ein politisch-militärisches
Geheimdienstunternehmen in Südkurdistan in den Jahren 1942/43 und
seine Vorgeschichte,’ Dr. phil diss. (Berlin [Humboldt], 2011). However,
the ultimate authority on MAMMUT is Lemke, Irak und Arabien, passim;
Lemke, ‘Aufstandsversuche an der Oberfläche: Das Unternehmen
“Mammut” (Irak) von 1943,’ Krieg und Heimat (14 February 2011);
‘Mandat—“Unabhängigkeit”—Besetzung: Konflikte, Aufstände und
Krieg im Irak 1920 bis 1945,’ in Sebastian Buciak et al. ed., Assymetrische
Konflikte im Spiegel der Zeit (Berlin: Köster, 2008), 299–331. See also
most recently Bernd Lemke and Pherset Rosbeiani, ed., Unternehmen
Mammut: Ein Kommandoeinsatz der Wehrmacht im Nordirak 1943
(Bremen: Edition Falkenberg, 2018).
- Lemke, Irak und Arabien, 330.
- O’Sullivan, ‘German Covert Initiatives,’ 146–8. Elsewhere I have dis-
cussed the Germans’ practice of effectively abandoning covert operatives,
once they passed beyond Berlin’s direct control. See ECOP, 47.
- First detailed interrogation report on Mueller, Agt., by Major Edmund
Tilley, 27 October 1943, WO 201/1402B, TNA.
- For details of Franz Mayr, see NSW, 108–26. The main, voluminous archi-
val file on Mayr is KV 2/1482, TNA. Edmund ‘Didi’ Tilley (1892–1966)
was bilingual: born in Marburg of English parents, his father being a profes-
ADRIAN O’SULLIVAN
