Ib Monthly Summary: June 1941, CICI Iraq, 1 July 1941, AIR 29/2510,
TNA.
For more about the Shawkat brothers, see Chap. 6.
Ib Monthly Summary: June 1941, CICI Iraq, 1 July 1941, AIR 29/2510,
TNA. For an unflattering, hard look at the ‘real’ Fritz Grobba, see Emile
Marmorstein, ‘Fritz Grobba’. Middle Eastern Studies 23, no. 3 (July 1987):
376–8. Also Helmut Mejcher, ‘Hitler’s Route to Baghdad? Some Aspects
of German Oil Policy and Political Thinking on the Middle East in the
1930s and Early 1940s’, ed. Haim Goren, Germany and the Middle East:
Past, Present, and Future (Jerusalem: Hebrew University Magnes Press,
2003), 71–83.
Younis Saleh Bahri al-Jubouri (1903–1979) was a legendary Iraqi journal-
ist, broadcaster, and writer about whom more myths exist than facts.
However, his factual activities during the Second World War were accu-
rately documented by the Combined Intelligence Centre Iraq and Persia
(CICI).
Ib Monthly Summary: June 1941, CICI Iraq, 1 July 1941, AIR 29/2510,
TNA. Other gathering points for pro-Nazi and pan-Arab Iraqis were the
Muslim Guidance Society, the Palestine Defence Society, the Tajaddad
Club, and the Arab Rover Society. A Short History of Enemy Subversive
Activity in Iraq 1935–1941, Appendix 51 to CICI F540, 11 April 1945,
AIR 29/2515, TNA.
A Short History of Enemy Subversive Activity in Iraq 1935–1941,
Appendix 51 to CICI F540, 11 April 1945, AIR 29/2515, TNA.
See Reeva S. Simon, Iraq between the Two World Wars: The Militarist
Origins of Tyranny (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), 35.
Even Grobba acknowledged Jordan to be the official head
(Ortsgruppenleiter) of the German Nazi Party in Baghdad. Hans Ludwig
Wegener [Fritz Grobba], Der Britische Geheimdienst im Orient: Terror und
Intrige als Mittel englischer Politik (Berlin: Junker und Dünnhaupt, 1942),
Bayer (a subsidiary of IG Farben), along with such major German indus-
trial concerns as Siemens, Ferrostaal, Krupp, and Schenker, were favoured
by the Auswärtiges Amt (German Foreign Office [GFO]), the Abwehr,
and RSHA VI as providers of commercial cover for their agents in the
Middle East.
Ibid.
Simon, Iraq, 39. For Grobba’s version of events, see Wegener, Geheimdienst,
112–17.
Seton Lloyd, The Interval: A Life in Near Eastern Archaeology (Faringdon:
Lloyd Collon, 1986), 77. See also inter alia Stephen H. Longrigg, Iraq,
1900 to 1950: A Political, Social, and Economic History (London: Oxford
