or other illnesses after exposure to the elements, they do not get sick from the
cold but in the cold, because their bodily defenses are weakened. Pneumonia
and other pathogens do not lurk in icy lakes and snowy hillsides but dwell on
and within us, where it is warm.
14 Peter Farb, Man’s Rise to Civilization (New York: Avon, 1969), 42-43;
Hubbert McCulloch Schnurrenberger, Diseases Transmitted from Animals to
Man (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1975); see also Alfred W. Crosby
Jr., Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976), 31. Andeans did have llamas;
the Andes may be too high and cold to promote disease among llamas or
people, however, as is implied by the fact that European and African
epidemics after 1492 were less devastating there than elsewhere.
15 McNeill, “Disease in History”; Crosby, The Columbian Exchange, 37;
Henry Dobyns, Their Number Become Thinned (Knoxville: University of
Tennessee Press, 1983).
16 Crosby, Ecological Imperialism, 38- 39, argues that smallpox epidemics
can repeatedly wipe out most of the population among such groups each time
they recur, perhaps every generation.
17 McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 201.
18 Gregory Mason, Columbus Came Late (New York: Century, 1931), 269-70.
19 Farb, Man’s Rise to Civilization, 268. See also Jennings, The Invasion of
America, 86; Crosby, Ecological Imperialism, 210.
20 Feenie Ziner, Squanto (Hamden, CT: Linnet Books, 1988), 141. See also
Jennings, The Invasion of America, 48-52; Robert Loeb Jr., Meet the Real
Pilgrims (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1979), 23, 87; and Warren Lowes,
Indian Giver (Penticton, British Columbia: Theytus, 1986), 51. It wasn’t only
the Pilgrims: Queen Isabella boasted that she took only two baths in her life, at
birth and before her marriage, according to Jay Stuller, “Cleanliness,”
Smithsonian 21 (February 1991): 126-35.
21 Simpson, Invisible Armies, 2; Crosby, The Columbian Exchange, 37.
22 Neal Salisbury, “Red Puritans: The ‘Praying Indians’ of Massachusetts Bay
and John Eliot,” in Bruce A. Glasrud and Alan M. Smith, eds., Race Relations
in British North America, 1607-1783 (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1982), 44; and
Neal Salisbury, “Squanto: Last of the Patuxets,” in David Sweet and Gary