Nash, eds., Struggle and Survival in Colonial America (Berkeley and Los
Angeles: University of California Press, 1981), 231-37. Dobyns agrees that the
1617 plague was bubonic but believes it swept up the Atlantic sea-board all
the way from Florida; see Their Number Become Thinned. William Bradford,
Of Plimoth Plantation, rendered by Valerian Paget (New York: McBride,
1909), 258, implies that the Indians knew that smallpox was not the epidemic
that laid waste to them in 1617, for in describing a 1634 outbreak of smallpox,
Bradford stated, “They fear it worse than the plague.” William Cronon,
Changes in the Land (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983), 87, votes for chicken
pox.
23 Excluding other plagues in the Americas, of course. Cushman is quoted in
Charles M. Segal and David C. Stineback, Puritans, Indians, and Manifest
Destiny (New York: Putnam’s, 1977), 54-55.
24 Simpson, Invisible Armies, 6.
25 Quoted in Ibid., 7.
26 Cushman, quoted in Segal and Stineback, Puritans, Indians, and Manifest
Destiny, 54-55; William S. Willis, “Division and Rule: Red, White, and Black
in the Southeast,” in Leonard Dinnerstein and Kenneth Jackson, eds., American
Vistas, 1607-1877 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), 66.
27 Particularly the remnants of the once-hostile Massachusetts, reduced in
number from 4,500 to 750, converted, according to James Axtell, The
European and the Indian (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 252,
370; see also James W. Davidson and Mark H. Lytle, After the Fact (New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1992), iii.
28 Bradford, Of Plimoth Plantation, 93; cf. Peter Hulme, Colonial
Encounters (London: Methuen, 1986), 147-48.
29 John Winthrop to Simonds D’Ewes, 7/21/1634, Publications of the
Colonial Society of Massachusetts 1900-02, 7 (12/1905) 71, at
books.google.com/ books.
30 Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Settling with the Indians (London: J. M. Dent,
1980), 186; cf. Simpson, Invisible Armies, 8.
31 Tee Loftin Snell, America’s Beginnings (Washington, D.C.: National
Geographic, 1974), 73, 77.
32 Crosby, Ecological Imperialism, 50- 51.