84 Carleton Beals, American Earth (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1939), 327- 30;
Steven Hahn, “Hunting, Fishing, and Foraging,” Radical History Review 26
(1982): 37-64; Peter A. Thomas, “Cultural Change on the Southern New
England Frontier, 1630-1655,” in Fitzhugh, ed., Cultures in Contact, 151.
85 See, for example, Pierre Berton, The Invasion of Canada, 1812-1813
(Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980), 27. The seven battles do not include
Tippecanoe, which predated a formal declaration of war against England.
86 The transformed character of our Indian wars after 1815 was revealed by
the next war in the Northwest, the Black Hawk War of 1832. Although it nearly
destroyed the Sac and Fox nations, it was insignificant compared to the battles
in that theater during the War of 1812. See also Brian Dippie, The Vanishing
American (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1982), 7-8.
87 Johansen, Forgotten Founders, 118. See also Frances FitzGerald, America
Revised (New York: Vintage, 1980), 90-93.
88 Before 1815, according to William Clark (of Lewis and Clark fame), “the
tribes nearest our settlements were a formidable and terrible enemy; since then
their power has been broken... and themselves sunk into objects of pity.”
Quoted in Dippie, The Vanishing American, 7-9.
89 Fergus M. Bordewich, review of David Roberts’s Once They Moved Like
the Wind, in Smithsonian, 3/1994, 128.
90 Carleton Beals, American Earth, 63-64. See also Reginald Horsman, Race
and Manifest Destiny (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), 1, 3,
190-95.
91 Kupperman, Settling with the Indians, 188; and Dippie, The Vanishing
American, 7-9.
92 Nash, Red, White, and Black, 63; Jennings, Empire of Fortune, 63;
Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, 32-36. Cf. Leon Festinger, A Theory of
Cognitive Dissonance (Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson, 1957).
93 William Gilmore Simms quoted in Mitchell, Witnesses to a Vanishing
America, 255. See also Vogel, ed., This Country Was Ours, 286. Francis A.
Walker, message to his department, 1871.
94 John Toland, Adolf Hitler (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976), 702.
95 Edward H. Carr, What Is History? (New York: Random House, 1961),