167.
96 Gordon Craig, “History as a Humanistic Discipline,” in Paul Gagnon, ed.,
Historical Literacy (New York: Macmillan, 1989), 134.
97 Jennings, The Invasion of America, 144.
98 Ronald Satz, American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era (Lincoln:
University of Nebraska Press, 1975), 143.
99 Francis Drake seems to have had something like this in mind for British
North America in 1573, but he never brought his plans to fruition. See Sanders,
Lost Tribes and Promised Lands, 218-19.
100 Over time, Lumbees and Seminoles became more racist. Lumbees kept a
nearby “blacker” triracial group out of their schools; Seminoles omitted “black
Seminoles” from their presentation of tribal history at the National Museum of
the American Indian.
101 J. F. Fausz, “Patterns of Anglo-Indian Aggression and Accommodation
Along the Mid-Atlantic Coast, 1584- 1634,” in William Fitzhugh, ed., Cultures
in Contact (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1985), 234-35; Adolph
Dial and David Eliades, The Only Land I Know (San Francisco: Indian
Historian Press, 1975), 2-13. See also Turner, Beyond Geography, 241-42.
Challenge of Freedom does tell about the likelihood that descendants of the
lost colony can be found today among the Lumbee. Peter Hulme, Colonial
Encounters (London: Methuen, 1986), 143, agrees that the lost colony
probably became Croatoan Indians. Holt American Nation does suggest that
the Lost Colony might have been absorbed into a nearby American Indian tribe
but does not otherwise treat possible bi- or triracial societies.
102 Robert Beverly, The History and Present State of Virginia (Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 1947 [1705]), 38.
103 Lauber, Indian Slavery in Colonial Times; Lonn Taylor, “American
Encounters,” (address at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.,
4/29/1993).
104 Thomas, “Cultural Change on the Southern New England Frontier, 1630-
1655,” in Fitzhugh, ed., Cultures in Contact, 141. In their very first years in
Virginia, the British encouraged intermarriage to promote alliances with
nearby Indians, even offering a bribe to any white Virginian who would marry
an Indian, but this offer lasted briefly, and few colonists took advantage of it.