minorities typically fare better outside their home societies.
73 Michael L. Cooper, Playing America’s Game (New York: Lodestar, 1993),
10; Gordon Morgan, “Emancipation Bowl” (Fayetteville: University of
Arkansas Department of Sociology, n.d., typescript).
74 Robert Azug and Stephen Maizlish, eds., New Perspectives on Race and
Slavery in America (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986), 118-21,
125; Loewen and Sallis, Mississippi: Conflict and Change, 241.
75 Wallace, Wallechinsky, and Wallace, Significa, 26-27, “Man in the Zoo.”
76 On the cultural meaning of minstrelsy, see Robert Toll, Blacking Up (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1974), 57, and the introduction to Ike Simond,
Old Slack’s Reminiscence and Pocket History of the Colored Profession
(Bowling Green, OH: Popular Press, 1974), xxv; Joseph Boskin, Sambo (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 129; Myrdal, An American Dilemma,
989; and Loewen, “Black Image in White Vermont.”
77 For Cleveland, see Stanley Hirsh-son, Farewell to the Bloody Shirt
(Chicago: Quadrangle, 1968), 239-45. For Democrats, see Kousser, “The
Voting Rights Act and the Two Reconstructions,” 12. For Harding see Wyn
Craig Wade, The Fiery Cross (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), 165.
Harding’s induction merely showed the legitimacy of the KKK; his
administration was not as racist as Wilson’s, although it did not undo Wilson’s
segregative policies. For Rice v. Gong Lum, see James W. Loewen, The
Mississippi Chinese: Between Black and White (Prospect Heights, IL:
Waveland Press, 1988), 66-68. For Tulsa, see Wallace, Wallechinsky, and
Wallace, Significa, 60-61. As I was writing this chapter in 1992, Los Angeles
erupted in what many reporters called “the worst race riot of the century.”
Perhaps, having been weaned on our history textbooks, they didn’t know of the
savage riots of the nadir.
78 See James W. Loewen, Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American
Racism (New York: New Press, 2005), especially Ch. 3.
79 Americans who did not experience segregation, which ended in the South in
about 1970, may consider these words melodramatic. American history
textbooks do not help today’s students feel the reality of the period. Please see
the last field study of segregation, Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese, 45-48,
51, and 131-34.