50 Hugh L. Keenleyside, Canada and the United States (New York: Knopf,
1952), 115; Aptheker, Essays in the History of the American Negro, 159;
Charles Sumner, speech, 6/1/1865.
51 Only The American Adventure, an inquiry text, includes this quote. The
American Pageant includes an equally telling passage by abolitionist James
Russell Lowell on the South’s reasons for seceding. Otherwise, although
misinformation on the South’s raison d’etre is rampant throughout the United
States and could be countered by this quote, no text includes it. See
McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 649; Reid Mitchell, “The Creation of
Confederate Loyalties,” in Robert Azug and Stephen Maizlish, eds., New
Perspectives on Race and Slavery in America (Lexington: University Press of
Kentucky, 1986), 101-2.
52 Paul Escott, After Secession (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University
Press, 1978), 254.
53 James W. Loewen and Charles Sallis, eds., Mississippi: Conflict and
Change (New York: Pantheon, 1980), 129-31; Beals, War Within a War;
Mitchell, “The Creation of Confederate Loyalties,” 93- 108.
54 Beals, War Within a War, 12, 142; see also Stavis, John Brown: The Sword
and the Word, 100-101.
55 John Cimprich and Robert C. Mainfort Jr., “The Fort Pillow Massacre: A
Statistical Note,” Journal of American History, 76 #2 (12/89), 832-37; Brian
S. Wills, A Battle from the Start (NY: Harper, 1993), 77-78, 178, 186-93,
215; David Ndilei, Extinguish the Flames of Racial Prejudice (Gainesville,
FL: I.E.F. Publications, 1996), 40, 91, 131, 157-58; John L. Jordan, “Was
There a Massacre at Fort Pillow?” Tennessee Historical Quarterly, 6 (1947);
Nathan Bedford Forrest, 4/ 15/64 dispatch, from War of the Rebellion:
Official Records, v.32 pt. 1 (DC: GPO, 1891), 609-10; Richard Nelson
Current, Lincoln’s Loyalists (NY: Oxford University Press, 1992), 139-43;
Richard L. Fuchs, An Unerring Fire: The Massacre at Fort Pillow
(Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1994), 23, 116-17,
144-46; James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (NY: Oxford University
Press, 1988), 565-66, 793-95; McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War (NY:
Pantheon, 1965), 186-7; Joseph T. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle: The Civil War
Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers (NY: Free Press, 1990), 133-
34.