65 See Vaughn, ed., The Vital Past, 46, 241.
66 Carol Berkin, interview, 10/1987.
67 Edward Pessen, The Log Cabin Myth (New Haven: Yale University Press,
1984), claims that Lincoln’s family was at least as prosperous as his neighbors
when he was growing up.
68 Kenneth Wong and Tom Loveless, “The Politics of Textbooks Policy,” in
Altbach, Textbooks in American Society, 33- 34. Mary Haas, a teacher
educator, also told me, “We have been given the kinds of textbooks that
teachers want.”
69 Charlotte Crabtree and David O’Shea, “Teachers’ Academic Preparation in
History,” National Center for History in the Schools Newsletter 1, no. 3
(11/1991): 4, 10.
70 Reported in Black, The American Schoolbook, 91-95. See also Jack L.
Nelson and William B. Stanley, “Academic Freedom: Fifty Years Standing
Still,” Social Education 49 (1985): 663.
71 Shirley Engle, “Late Night Thoughts About the New Social Studies,” Social
Education 50, no. 1 (1/1986): 20-22. John Goodlad agrees in “A Study of
Schooling,” Phi Delta Kappan, March 1983, reprinted in James W. Noll, ed.,
Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Educational Issues (Guilford,
CT: Dushkin, 1989), 145.
72 Seymour B. Sarason, The Culture of the School and the Problem of
Change (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1971), 180-87.
73 Linda McNeil, “Defensive Teaching and Classroom Control,” in Michael
W. Apple and Lois Weis, eds., Ideology and Practice in Schooling
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983), 116.
74 Goodlad, “A Study of Schooling,” 145-47.
75 McNeil, “Defensive Teaching and Classroom Control,” 115-16. High
school teachers have some reason to fear conflict and loss of control. Within
any classroom, teachers do have to establish authority. How can they then
question authority? Students in conflict—with their teacher, each other, or their
textbook—can seem out of control. Appearances may deceive, however:
norms of conduct do govern most student behavior, even when that behavior
looks chaotic to nonstudents. Thus, teachers usually have more control in
classrooms than they realize. Nonetheless, classes can go out of control, and it