Phonetic Detail in the Perception of Ethnic Varieties of US English 323where ̈F1 is the original change in F1. The duration of the consonant gap or frica-
tion was transformed by
(0.400 – ̈cons)
where ̈cons is the original duration of the consonant gap or frication.
12 The implication of assuming a binary feature system underlying human language
is that children could use such modeling techniques as canonical discriminant
analysis to bootstrap redundant acoustic measures onto a speci¿ c distinctive fea-
ture opposition because the net result can only be a single canonical factor.
13 The use of uppercase letters has two uses in this chapter. The ¿ rst use is the con-
vention of naming latent factors with all uppercase letters in the statistical litera-
ture. The second use of uppercase follows the convention seen in Docherty (1992)
to symbolize the general concept of voicing in the speech stream (see also Purnell
et al. 2005b, Figure 1).
14 Docherty (1992) and Docherty and Foulkes (1999) are two exceptions already
mentioned.
15 A further portion of the data dealt with housing discrimination, and showed that
in setting appointments to view apartments, the voice of the speaker on the phone
inÀ uences whether or not the apartment would or would not be shown to the speaker.
This ¿ nding of the relation between housing discrimination and voice perception
was con¿ rmed by Massey and Lundy (2001) and Squires and Chadwick (2006).
16 See Thomas and Bailey (1998) Thomas (1999), Thomas and Reaser (2001, 2004),
and Thomas (this volume).
17 T he t e r m s source and ¿ lter (Fant [1960]; Flanagan [1965]; Stevens and House [1961])
provide an important distinction in the articulation of speech sounds where the for-
mer term refers to the generation of a complex acoustic wave (initiation and phona-
tion in terms of Abercrombie [1967]), while the latter refers to the shaping of that
wave with a speci¿ c tongue-lip-velum con¿ guration (Abercrombie’s articulation).
18 Bark was calculated per Traunmüller (1990).
19 An upshot of this ¿ nding may be that the brain uses multiple many of the multiple
measures described in Adank et al. (2004).
References
Abercrombie, David. 1967. Elements of general phonetics. Chicago: Aldine Publish-
ing Company.
Abramson, Arthur S.1986. The perception of word-initial consonant length: Pattani
Malay. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 16: 8 –16.
Abramson, Arthur S. 1991. Amplitude as a cue to word-initial consonant length: Pat-
tani Malay. Paper presented at the 12th International Congress of Phonetic Sci-
ences: Aix-en-Provence, Université de Provence.