A Reader in Sociophonetics

422 Subject Index

degree of difference (dialect) 403
denasalization 382
Derby (British English) 42
dialect comprehension 6–8, 207,
223–229, 241–252
dialect evidence (for historical change)
15, 20, 22–24, 27, 31–36
dialect identi¿ cation 6–8, 10, 191–202,
203–221, 265–285, 289–326, 327,
385–387
dialect imitation 10
dialect (variety) perception 87, 191–202,
203–221, 223–229, 241–252, 253–
264 , 265–285, 289–326, 327, 336–341,
350, 359 –361, 367, 394, 398, 407
diffusion (versus transmission) 4
diphthong(ization) 3–4, 10, 21–23, 26,
41, 58, 60, 76, 98, 357–363, 365–368,
375–376, 380, 385, 397–398
discriminant analysis 226–227, 298–308,
313 –317, 319 –321, 323
disguised speech 381–382, 388
duration see vowel length, 134, 148
Dutch 10, 97–98, 104, 294, 330, 349,
357–378

education (language as an indicator of)
4, 11, 19, 78, 122, 146–147, 327, 358,
370, 399–402, 405–407
eigenvector plots 299, 307–311, 318
embedding (problem) 293
emphasis 22, 100, 117, 119–120, 160,
162 , 165
environmental effects see coarticulatory
effects
epenthesis (vowel) 99–100, 112–113,
116 –118
essentialism 292
ethnic identi¿ cation 8–9, 265–285,
289–326
Euclidean distance 58–60, 62, 65
exemplar models 63–64, 216
explicit (awareness) 253–264
eye-tracking 7–8, 253, 255–256

F0 (fundamental frequency) see pitch,
9, 134, 148, 150, 266, 268–269, 272,

276–277, 295–296, 300–304, 307,

320, 328–333, 336, 339–340, 342–

344, 348–349, 351, 382

fa ce 140 –141, 149 –150

¿ rst language acquisition 97, 381

focus 136, 165

folk dialectology see perceptual

dialectology

folk linguistics see perceptual dialectol-

ogy, 121, 291

foot i ng 5, 143 –14 4, 146, 149, 153 –157,

159, 162 –163

foreign accent 382

foreign language teaching 163

forensic linguistics 379, 381–382

formality (style) 114, 116, 125, 180–181,

183, 334 –335

formants see vowel formants, 43–46,

50–57, 65, 84

French 4–5, 91–132, 137, 139–141, 158,

162

French loans (in English) 23

frequency (lexical) 254

ge n re 138 –141, 145, 161–162

gender see sex

German-inÀ uenced US English 8, 118,

290, 293–294, 312

gesture 254

glottal pulse 8–9, 178, 292, 294–297,

300–304, 306–308, 312, 321

g lot t a l s t o p 114, 116 , 118 –119, 121,

334 –335

Gloucestershire 35

Goldvarb 4, 149, 155–156, 159, 165,

181–182, 196, 198, 246, 250

Great Vowel Shift (English) 15, 20

harmonic-to-noise ratio 266, 314

hedges 155, 160

Hindi 206

historical change 15 – 40, 63, 93, 142,

184, 201, 250

honori¿ cs

/ܼ/-/ܭ/ conÀ ation (before nasals, in US

dialects) 7–8, 217–218, 254–258