Western Civilization

Documents

CHAPTER 1

The Code of Hammurabi(The Code of

Hammurabi) 11

OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS:The Great Flood: Two

Versions(The Epic of Gilgameshand Genesis 6:11–15,

17–19; 7:24; 8:3, 13–21) 15

Akhenaten’s Hymn to Aten(Hymn to Aten) 21

A Father’s Advice(The Instruction of the Vizier

Ptah-hotep) 23

CHAPTER 2

The Covenant and the Law: The Book of Exodus

(Exodus 19:1–8 and 20:1–17) 33

The Hebrew Prophets: Micah, Isaiah, and Amos

(Micah 6:9–16; Isaiah 10:1–6; and Amos 3:1–2) 35

OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS:The Governing of

Empires: Two Approaches(King Sennacherib

Describes His Siege of Jerusalem; King Ashurbanipal

Describes His Treatment of Conquered Babylon; and

The Cyrus Cylinder) 39

The Customs of the Persians(Herodotus,The

Persian Wars) 41

CHAPTER 3

Homer’s Ideal of Excellence(Homer,Iliad) 53

The Lycurgan Reforms(Plutarch,Lycurgus) 57

Athenian Democracy: The Funeral Oration of

Pericles(Thucydides,History of the Peloponnesian

War) 61

OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS:Women in Athens and

Sparta(Xenophon,Oeconomicus; Xenophon,

Constitution of the Spartans; Aristotle,Politics; and

Plutarch,Lycurgus) 69

CHAPTER 4

OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS:Demosthenes and

Isocrates Address Philip of Macedonia

(Demosthenes,The Third Philippic, and Isocrates,

Address to Philip) 75

Alexander Meets an Indian King(Arrian,The

Campaigns of Alexander) 78

Relations Between Greeks and Non-Greeks

(Letter to Zenon and Letter to Dionysios) 84

A New Autonomy for Women?(Letter from Isias to

Hephaistion and Letter from Ktesikles to King

Ptolemy) 86

CHAPTER 5

Cincinnatus Saves Rome: A Roman Morality Tale

(Livy,The Early History of Rome) 100

Cato the Elder on Women(Livy,The History of

Rome) 108

The Twelve Tables(Selections from the Twelve

Tables) 110

OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS:The End of the

Republic: Three Views(Sallust,The War with Catiline;

Caesar,The Civil Wars; and Cicero,Letter to

Atticus) 114

CHAPTER 6

The Achievements of Augustus(Augustus,Res

Gestae) 123

The Daily Life of an Upper-Class Roman(Pliny,

Letter to Fuscus Salinator) 130

Ovid and the Art of Love(Ovid,The Art of

Love) 131

OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS:Roman Authorities

and a Christian on Christianity(An Exchange

Between Pliny and Trajan) 140

CHAPTER 7

OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS:Two Views of the

Huns(Ammianus Marcellinus,The Later Roman Empire

and Priscus,An Account of the Court of Attila the

Hun) 151

Germanic Customary Law: The Ordeal(Gregory of

Tours, ‘‘An Ordeal of Hot Water’’) 155

xiv

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