administration. These municipal offices were unsalaried
but were nevertheless sought by wealthy citizens
because they conferred prestige and power at the local
level as well as Roman citizenship. Roman municipal
policy effectively tied the upper classes to Roman rule
and ensured that these classes would retain control
over the rest of the population.
The process of Romanization in the provinces was
reflected in significant changes in the governing classes
of the empire. In the course of the first century, there
was a noticeable decline in the number of senators
from Italian families. Increasingly, the Roman senate
was being recruited from wealthy provincial equestrian
families. The provinces also provided many of thelegionaries for the Roman army and, beginning with
Trajan, supplied many of the emperors.
The speed and the extent of Romanization varied
widely in different parts of the empire. In the west,
including Spain, Africa, and parts of Gaul, where
Greeks and Phoenicians had established cities centuries
earlier, Romanization occurred quickly. Temples, aque-
ducts, amphitheaters, and the Latin language rapidly
became fixtures in these areas. Moreover, men from
these western territories, especially Spain and parts of
Gaul, began serving as officials in Rome as early as the
first centuryC.E.
The process of Romanization was less extensive in
other parts of the empire, especially in Asia, where(^) ME
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Roman Empire at the end
of Augustus's reign, 14 C.E.
Roman Empire at the end
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Byzantium
Nicomedia
Black Sea
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MAP 6.1The Roman Empire from Augustus Through Trajan (14–117).Augustus and later
emperors continued the expansion of the Roman Empire, adding more resources but also
increasing the tasks of administration and keeping the peace. Compare this map with Map 5.3.
Q Which territories were conquered by Augustus, and which were added by the end
of Trajan’s reign?
126 Chapter 6The Roman Empire
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