C

H

A P T

E

R

13

Reformation and

Religious Warfare in

the Sixteenth

Century

CHAPTER OUTLINE

AND FOCUS QUESTIONS

Prelude to Reformation

Q What were the chief ideas of the Christian

humanists, and how did they differ from the ideas

of the Protestant reformers?

Martin Luther and the Reformation in

Germany

Q What were Martin Luther’s main disagreements

with the Roman Catholic Church, and what

political, economic, and social conditions help

explain why the movement he began spread so

quickly across Europe?

The Spread of the Protestant Reformation

Q What were the main tenets of Lutheranism,

Zwinglianism, Anabaptism, and Calvinism, and

how did they differ from each other and from

Catholicism? What impact did political, economic,

and social conditions have on the development of

these four reform movements?

The Social Impact of the Protestant

Reformation

Q What impact did the Protestant Reformation have

on society in the sixteenth century?

The Catholic Reformation

Q What measures did the Roman Catholic Church

take to reform itself and to combat Protestantism

in the sixteenth century?

Politics and the Wars of Religion in the

Sixteenth Century

Q What role did politics, economic and social

conditions, and religion play in the European wars

of the sixteenth century?

CRITICAL THINKING

QWhere and how did the reform movements

take hold, and how did the emergence of

these reform movements affect the political

and social realms where they were

adopted?

CONNECTIONS TO TODAY

QHow are the religious controversies of the

sixteenth century related to religious and

social conditions in the Western world

today?

A nineteenth-century engraving showing Luther before the Diet of Worms

bpk, Berlin/Art Resource, NY

301

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