Western Civilization

Magnificent (1520–1566), the Ottoman Turks overran

most of Hungary, moved into Austria, and advanced

as far as Vienna, where they were finally repulsed

in 1529.

Finally, the internal political situation in the Holy

Roman Empire was not in Charles’s favor. Germany

was a land of several hundred territorial states—

princely states, ecclesiastical principalities, and free im-

perial cities. Although all owed loyalty to the emperor,

Germany’s medieval development had enabled these

states to become quite independent of imperial author-

ity. They had no desire to have a strong emperor. By

the time Charles V was able to bring military forces to

Germany in 1546, Lutheranism had become well estab-

lished and the Lutheran princes were well organized.

Unable to impose his will on Germany, Charles was

forced to negotiate a truce. An end to religious warfare

in Germany came in 1555 with the Peace of Augsburg,

which marked an important turning point in the his-

tory of the Reformation. The division of Christianity

was formally acknowledged, with Lutheranism granted

equal legal standing with Catholicism. Moreover, the

peace settlement accepted the right of each German

ruler to determine the religion of his subjects (but

not the right of the subjects to choose their religion).

Charles’s hope for a united empire had been completely

Al

ps^

Toledo Barcelona

Paris

London

Rome

Naples

Prague

Vienna

Buda

Warsaw

Mohács

Mühlberg

Wittenberg

Augsburg

Constantinople

Amsterdam

Antwerp

Lisbon

IRELAND

ENGLAND

SWEDEN

DENMARK

FRANCE

NETHERLANDS

LUXEMBOURG

PORTUGAL

RUSSIA

POLAND

BOHEMIA

HUNGARY

NAPLES OTTOMAN EMPIRE

REPUBLIC

OF

VENICE

AUSTRIA

PAPAL

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MILAN

SWITZERLAND

TYROL

BAVARIA

BRANDENBURG

SAXONY

CASTILE ARAGON

AFRICA

Ottoman Hungary

Habsburg Hungary

Dniepe

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Taur
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Atlantic

Ocean

North

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Bal

tic^ S

ea

Black Sea

Danube

(^) E
uph
rates R
.
Tig
ris R.
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ed
ite
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Sea
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0 250 500 Miles
0 250 500 750 Kilometers
Maximilian of Austria
Mary of Burgundy
Isabella of Castile
Ferdinand of Aragon
Boundaries of the
Holy Roman Empire
Acquired by Ferdinand,
brother of Charles V
Ottoman Empire possessions
MAP 13.1The Empire of Charles V.Charles V spent much of his reign fighting wars in Italy,
against France and the Ottoman Empire, and within the borders of the Holy Roman Empire. He
failed in his main goal to secure Europe for Catholicism: the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 recognized
the equality of Catholicism and Lutheranism and let each German prince choose his realm’s religion.
Q Why would France feel threatened by the empire of Charles V?
Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany 309
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