Western Civilization

were a direct reaction against the Protestant move-

ment. Historians who prefer to use “Catholic Reforma-

tion” point out that elements of reform were already

present in the Catholic Church at the end of the fif-

teenth century and the beginning of the sixteenth, and

that by the mid-sixteenth century, they came to be

directed by a revived and reformed papacy, giving the

church new strength.

No doubt, both positions on the nature of the refor-

mation of the Catholic Church contain elements of

truth. The Catholic Reformation revived the best fea-

tures of medieval Catholicism and then adjusted them

to meet new conditions, as is most apparent in the re-

vival of mysticism and monasticism. The emergence of

a new mysticism, closely tied to the traditions of Cath-

olic piety, was especially evident in the life of the Span-

ish mystic Saint Teresa of Avila (1515–1582). While

the regeneration of religious orders also proved valua-

ble to the reform of Catholicism, new religious orders

and brotherhoods were also created.

Atlantic

Ocean

Mediterranean Sea

North Sea

B

al

ti

c^

Se

a

Po R.

Danube R.

Ebro

R.

R.

Rhine

PORTUGAL

SPAIN

IRELAND

SCOTLAND

ENGLAND

NORWAY

SWEDEN

DENMARK

FRANCE HUNGARY

POLAND

Dublin PRUSSIA

Edinburgh

London

Oxford Amsterdam

Cologne

Paris

Dijon CONFEDERATIONSWISS

Trent

Munich

PAPAL

STATES

Rome

Prague

Corsica

Sardinia

Sicily

Valladolid

Madrid

Seville

Lisbon

HOLY

ROMAN

Münster EMPIRE

Geneva

Worms Nuremberg

Canterbury

Magdeburg

Wittenberg

Zürich Vienna

La Rochelle

A

lps

(^) Pyr
enee
s
0 250 500 Miles
0 250 500 750 Kilometers
Anglican
Calvinist
Calvinist-
influenced
Holy Roman
Empire boundary
Roman Catholic
Lutheran
Lutheran-
influenced
Anabaptists
MAP 13.2Catholics and
Protestants in Europe by
1560.The Reformation
continued to evolve beyond
the basic split of the Lutherans
from the Catholics. Several
Protestant sects broke away
from the teachings of Martin
Luther, each with a separate
creed and different ways of
worship. In England, Henry VIII
broke with the Catholic Church
for political and dynastic
reasons.
Q Which areas of Europe
were solidly Catholic,
which were solidly
Lutheran, and which
were neither?
316 Chapter 13 Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century
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