Western Civilization

That people who were disciples of the Apostle of Peace would

kill each other over their beliefs aroused skepticism about Chris-

tianity itself. As one German writer put it, “Lutheran, popish,

and Calvinistic, we’ve got all these beliefs here, but there is some

doubt about where Christianity has got.”^12 It is surely no acci-

dent that the search for a stable, secular order of politics and for

order in the universe through natural laws soon came to play im-

portant roles. Before we look at this search for order in the sev-

enteenth century, however, we need first to look at the

adventures that plunged Europe into its new role in the world.

CHAPTER TIMELINE

CHAPTER REVIEW

Upon Reflection

Q If attempts at reform of the Catholic Church were

unsuccessful in the fifteenth century, why did they

succeed in the sixteenth-century Reformation?

Q What role did politics play in the establishment of

Lutheranism and Anglicanism?

Q Elizabeth of England and Philip II of Spain were

two of Europe’s most famous monarchs in the

second half of the sixteenth century. Compare and

contrast their methods of ruling and their foreign

policy. Which was a more successful ruler? Why?

Key Terms

Christian (northern Renaissance)

humanism(p. 302)

pluralism(p. 303)

indulgences(p. 304)

justification(p. 304)

transubstantiation(p. 307)

predestination(p. 313)

Catholic Reformation(p. 315)

Huguenots(p. 320)

politiques(p. 320)

1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 1600

Luther and the

indulgence controversy

French Wars of Religion

Calvin’s church at Geneva

Council of Trent

Peace of

Augsburg

Erasmus, Edict of Nantes

Spanish armada

Ignatius of Loyola,

Habsburg-Valois Wars

Peasants’ War

Revolt of the Netherlands

The Praise of Folly

The Spiritual Exercises

Chapter Summary • 325

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