C

H

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E

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14

Europe and the

World: New

Encounters,

1500–1800

CHAPTER OUTLINE

AND FOCUS QUESTIONS

On the Brink of a New World

Q Why did Europeans begin to embark on voyages of

discovery and expansion at the end of the fifteenth

century?

New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish

Empires

Q How did Portugal and Spain acquire their overseas

empires, and how did their empires differ?

New Rivals on the World Stage

Q How did the arrival of the Dutch, British, and

French on the world scene in the seventeenth and

eighteenth centuries affect Africa, India, Southeast

Asia, China, and Japan? What were the main

features of the African slave trade, and what

effects did it have on Africa?

The Impact of European Expansion

Q How did European expansion affect both the

conquered and the conquerors?

Toward a World Economy

Q What was mercantilism, and what was its

relationship to colonial empires?

CRITICAL THINKING

QWhat was the relationship between European

overseas expansion and political, economic,

and social developments in Europe?

CONNECTIONS TO TODAY

QConsidering both the benefits and the

consequences, what are the similarities and

differences between the overseas trade that

developed in the seventeenth and eighteenth

centuries and the global trade of the twenty-

first century?

A 1536 Mercator projection map showing the route of Ferdinand Magellan’s

first circumnavigation of the world

The Everett Collection, Inc.

WHILE MANY EUROPEANSwere occupied with

the problems of dynastic expansion and religious

reform, others were taking voyages that propelled

Europeans far beyond the medieval walls in which

they had been enclosed for almost a thousand years.

One of these adventurers was the Portuguese

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