Western Civilization

During the next fifty years, the Dutch occupied most of

the Portuguese coastal forts along the trade routes

throughout the Indian Ocean, including the island of

Ceylon (today’s Sri Lanka), and seized Malacca in 1641.

The aggressive Dutch drove the English traders out of

the spice market as well.

The Dutch also began to consolidate their political

and military control over the entire area. On the

island of Java, where they had established a fort at

Batavia (buh-TAY-vee-uh) (modern Jakarta) in 1619,

theDutchfoundthatitwasnecessarytobringthe

inland regions under their control to protect their

position. On Java and the neighboring island of

Sumatra, the Dutch East India Company, which had

been founded in 1602, established pepper plantations,

which soon became the source of massive profits for

Dutch merchants in Amsterdam. By the end of the

eighteenth century, the Dutch had succeeded in bring-

ing almost the entire Indonesian archipelago under

their control.

Pacific

Ocean

South

China

Sea

MMMekoMMMMMMMMMM ng

River Delta

0 500 1,000 Miles

0 500 1,000 1,500 Kilometers

VIETNAM

CAMBODIA

THAILAND

BURMA

SARAWAK

BRUNEI

TIMOR

CHINA

NEW

GUINEA

Philippines

Spice Islands

(Moluccas)

Malay

Peninsula

Malacca

Batavia

(Jakarta)

Manila

Macao

Bangkok

Sumatra

Borneo

Java

Southeast Asia, ca. 1700

Europe in Asia.As Europeans began to move

into parts of Asia, they reproduced many of

the physical surroundings of their homeland in

the port cities they built there. This is evident

in comparing these two scenes. Below is a

seventeenth-century view of Batavia, which the

Dutch built as their headquarters on the

northern coast of Java in 1619. The scene at

the left is from a sixteenth-century engraving

of Amsterdam. This Dutch city had become

the financial and commercial capital of Europe

and was also the chief port for the ships of the

Dutch East India Company, which carried the

spices of the East to Europe.

Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library

The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY

New Rivals on the World Stage 341

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