Western Civilization

andG. J. Ames,The Globe Encompassed: The Age of Euro-

pean Discovery, 1500–1700(Upper Saddle River, N.J., 2007).

PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH EXPANSION On Portuguese

expansion, seeM. Newitt,A History of Portuguese Overseas

Expansion(London, 2004). On Columbus, seeW. D. Phillips

and C. R. Phillips, The Worlds of Christopher Columbus

(Cambridge, 1992). On the Spanish Empire in the New World,

seeH. Kamen,Empire: How Spain Became a World Power,

1492–1763(New York, 2003). For a revisionist view of the Span-

ish conquest of the Americas, seeM. Restall,Seven Myths of

the Spanish Conquest(Oxford, 2003).

MERCANTILE EMPIRES AND WORLDWIDE TRADE The

subject of mercantile empires and worldwide trade is covered inJ.

H. Elliott,Empires of the Atlantic World(New Haven, Conn.,

2006), andM. J. Seymour,Transformation of the North Atlan-

tic World, 1492–1763(Westport, Conn., 2004). On the African

slave trade, seeM. Rediker,The Slave Ship: A Human History

(New York, 2007), andJ. K. Thornton,Africa and Africans in the

Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800(Cambridge, 1998).

IMPACT OF EXPANSION The impact of expansion on Euro-

pean consciousness is explored in A. Pagden, European

Encounters with the New World: From Renaissance to Ro-

manticism(New Haven, Conn., 1993). On the impact of disease,

seeN. D. Cook,Born to Die: Disease and the New World

(New York, 1998). The human and ecological effects of the inter-

action of New World and Old World cultures are examined

thoughtfully inA. W. Crosby,Ecological Imperialism: The Bio-

logical Expansion of Europe(New York, 1986). The native

American female experience with the European encounter is pre-

sented inR. Gutierrez,When Jesus Came the Corn Mother

Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico,

1500–1846(Stanford, Calif., 1991).

ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF EXPANSION On mercantil-

ism, seeL. Magnusson,Mercantilism: The Shaping of an Eco-

nomic Language(New York, 1994). On the concept of a world

economy, seeA. K. Smith,Creating a World Economy: Mer-

chant Capital, Colonialism, and World Trade, 1400–1825

(Boulder, Colo., 1991).

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Notes

1. Quoted in J. R. Hale,Renaissance Exploration(New York,
   1968), p. 32.


2. Quoted in J. H. Parry,The Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery,
   Exploration, and Settlement, 1450 to 1640(New York,
   1963), p. 33.


3. Quoted in R. B. Reed, “The Expansion of Europe,” inThe
   Meaning of the Renaissance and Reformation, ed. R. De
   Molen (Boston, 1974), p. 308.
   4. Quoted in B. Davidson,Africa in History: Themes and
   Outlines, rev. ed. (New York, 1991), p. 213.
   5. Quoted in ibid., p. 198.
   6. Quoted in G. V. Scammell,The First Imperial Age: European
   Overseas Expansion, c. 1400–1715(London, 1989), p. 62.
   7. M. Leon-Portilla, ed.,The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account
   of the Conquest of Mexico(Boston, 1969), p. 51.

356 Chapter 14 Europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500–1800

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