Estates-General, in France, 226
Este, Isabella d’, 280
Estonia, 369
Ethelbert (England), 159
Ethics, of Israelites, 32
Etruria, 96, 97, 129
Etruscans, 94–95, 96–97,97,98, 99, 100
Eucharist, 237
Euclid, 88, 214
Euphrates River region, 1–2, 6, 7
Eurasia, Mongols and, 249, 250–51
Euripides, 63, 283
Europe: in 15th century, 294 (map);
American empires of, 345–47; in Asia,
339–42, 341 ; Black Death in, 251,
253–54; civilization in, 28; kingdoms in,
222–31; lords and vassals in, 183–87;
population in, 85, 199 (tab.), 358;
Renaissance monarchies in, 292–96.
See alsoReligion(s); specific locations
Evangelicalism, of Lutheranism, 306
Evans, Arthur, 50
Excellence, as Greek value, 53
Excommunication, 241
Executions, in Middle Ages, 209, 210
Exodus, 30, 33
Expansion: of Carolingian Empire, 174, 176;
economy and, 329, 351, 352–54; impact
of European, 347–49, 351–52; of Islam,
165–70, 169 (map), 192–95; of Persian
Empire, 42; of Rome, 99–101, 125; of
Russia, 369, 371 (map); by Venice, 262.
See alsoColonies and colonization;
Exploration; Imperialism
Experienced and Knowledgeable Hollands
Householder, The(household manual), 373
Exploration: in 15th and 16th centuries, 331
(map); English, 328; of New World, 331,
333–37; Portuguese, 329–31; Spanish,
331, 333–37.See alsoColonies and
colonization
Exports, mercantilism and, 353
Extended family, Carolingian, 179
Fairs, trade, 206–7
Faith.SeeJustification by faith alone
Families: in Athens, 68; Carolingian, 179; in
Egypt, 21–23; Germanic, 154; in Italy,
278; in medieval society, 267; peasant,
202; Protestantism and, 314–15; Roman,
99, 107–8, 132, 133.See alsoChildren
Famine, in Middle Ages, 250
Fantasy, literature in Middle Ages, 328
Farms and farming: Neolithic, 5; Sumerian,
9.See alsoAgriculture; Crop(s)
Fathers, advice to son from (Egypt), 23
Fatimid dynasty, 193–94, 241
Feast days, 202
Ferdinand of Aragon, 293–94
Ferrara, 279, 280
Fertile Crescent, 4, 7, 8 (map)
Festivals: in Greece, 67; in Rome, 106
Feudalism, 183
Ficino, Marsilio, 283–84
Fiefs: church offices as, 232; in England, 222;
vassals and, 184, 186
Filipinos.SeePhilippinesFinances.SeeEconomy
Fire, 4; in Rome, 134
First Crusade,242,242–43, 244
First Estate, in European society, 277
First Intermediate Period (Egypt), 20
First Punic War, 102–3
First Triumvirate (Rome), 113, 113
Fitz-Stephen, William, 199
Five ‘‘good emperors’’ (Rome), 125
Five Pillars of Islam, 167, 168
Flagellants, 251, 253, 254
Flanders: arts in, 291; Hansa and, 276;
medieval trade and, 206, 206 (map), 207
(map); woolen industry in, 206
Flanders Fleet, of Venice, 276
Flavian dynasty (Rome), 124, 135
Flood and flooding: in Bible, 15; inEpic of
Gilgamesh,15; in Fertile Crescent, 8
(map); by Nile, 14
Florence: arts in, 287;ciompirevolt in, 256;
as city-state, 229, 262; Machiavelli in,
280; Medici in, 276; population of, 209;
Republic of, 262, 279; woolen industry in,
255–56
Florus (historian), 116
Flying buttress, 217, 218
Food: growth of civilizations and, 7;
Neolithic, 4; Paleolithic, 3, 4; prices of,
201; Renaissance banquet and, 275.
See alsoDiet (food); Famine
Forests, elimination of medieval, 200
Fort William.SeeCalcutta
Fourth Crusade, 245
Fourth Dynasty (Egypt), 17
Fourth Lateran Council, 239, 240
France: in 17th century, 361; absolutism in,
362–66; American colonies of, 346, 347;
Black Death in, 251; Calvinism in, 314;
Canada and, 347; cities in, 210 ;
civilization in, 28; civil war in, 256;
Classicism in arts and, 380; Crusades and,
238; drama in, 381–82; economy in, 365;
England and, 256; Estates-General in,
226; expansion by, 328; foreign policy of,
364; holdings of (1154–1337), 226 (map);
Hundred Years’ War and, 256–58, 257
(map); India and, 342, 351;Jacqueriein,
254, 255 ; Jews in, 239; kingdom in, 224,
226; learned societies in, 396,399,
399–400; megaliths in, 28; monarchs in,
260, 292; in Naples, 280; nobility in, 292,
363–64; papacy and, 233, 308; parliament
in, 226; peasants in, 254, 255 ; religion in,
363, 364–65; revolts in, 254,255,362;
sciences and, 391; Spain and, 280, 366;
Thirty Years’ War and, 361; universities
in, 212; Vikings in, 183; Wars of Religion
in, 319–20; western Carolingian Empire
as, 181; witchcraft trial in, 360.See also
French Revolution; Government;
Huguenots; Monarchs and monarchies
Francis I (France), 308, 308
Franciscans, 234–35, 348, 349
Francis of Assisi (Saint), 235
Franks: Christianity and, 147; eastern
kingdom of, 181; family and marriage of,
156; kingdom of, 153 (map), 154; Romeand, 138; western kingdom of, 181.
See alsoCharlemagne; Eastern Franks;
Western Franks
Frederick I Barbarossa (Holy Roman
Empire), 212, 228–29, 245
Frederick I (Prussia), 367
Frederick II (Holy Roman Empire), 228, 229,
229
Frederick the Wise (Saxony), 304
Frederick William (Great Elector), 367
French Canadians, 347
French Revolution, slavery abolished during,
339
French Royal Academy of Sciences.SeeRoyal
Academy of Sciences (France)
Frescoes,286,287, 289, 289
Friars, 236–37, 239
Frisia and Frisians, 160
Froissart, Jean, 255, 256
Fronde, 363
Frontiers: of Poland, 230; Roman, 122–23,
125, 126 (map), 129, 148.See also
Borders
Fulbert of Chartres (bishop), 185
Fulcher of Chartres, 244
Funeral Oration (Pericles), 49
Fur trade, 163
Gaius Gracchus (Rome), 112
Galen (physician), 213, 386, 394
Galilei, Galileo,385,386, 387, 389–91,391,
392, 400
Gallo-Romans, 154.See alsoGermanic
peoples
Games: gladiatorial,135,135–36; Roman,
106
Gandhara, Buddhist statues in, 88, 88
Gascony, 256
Gasga tribes, 29
Gatherer-hunters, 3
Gaudry, Suzanne, trial of, 360
Gaugamela, battle at, 76–77
Gaul and Gaullish people: Burgundians in,
150; Caesar and, 115; Franks in, 154;
Romanization in, 126; Rome and, 126,
138; Vandals in, 150; Visigoths in, 150.
See alsoCelts (Gauls); France
Gays and lesbians.SeeHomosexuals and
homosexuality
Gedrosian Desert, 77
Gender and gender issues: in medieval
society, 268; in Neolithic period, 5; in
Paleolithic society, 3–4; Scientific
Revolution and, 395–97.See alsoMen;
Women
Generals, as Athenianstrategoi, 60
General War Commissariat (Prussia), 367
Geneva, 313–14
Genghis Khan, 342
Genoa, 209, 243, 245, 251
Gentiles, Paul and, 141
Gentileschi, Artemisia, 379, 379
Gentry, in England, 372, 374
Geocentric view of universe, 88, 387
Geography: of Egypt, 14–16; of Greece, 49;
of Italy, 95
Geography(Ptolemy), 329, 330Index 419Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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