Western Civilization

Henry VII (England), 292–93, 333

Henry VIII (England), 312–13, 321, 322

Henry of Navarre, 320

Henry the Navigator (Portugal), 329, 331

(map)

Heracles (Greek hero), 80

Heraklion, 50

Herbs, in medicine, 180

Heresy: in Middle Ages, 238; religious orders

and, 235; in Renaissance, 296–97; in

Roman Empire, 149–50, 152, 154

Hermes (god), 106

Hermeticism, 284, 387, 388

Herodotus (historian), 96; on

mummification, 19; on Persians, 41;

Persian Wars, The,by, 62

Heroic character, Homer on, 52, 53, 54

Hevelius, Johannes, 391

Hierarchies (social), as characteristic of

civilizations, 6

Hieroglyphics, Egyptian, 20

High Middle Ages, 198–220; Catholic Church

in, 221–22, 232–39; cities in, 207, 209;

Crusades and, 239–46; industry in, 211;

intellectual and artistic world in, 211–18;

Jews in, 238–39, 240; kingdoms in,

222–31; land and people in, 199–204;

lifestyle in, 209–11; trade in, 204–7, 208.

See alsoMiddle Ages

High Renaissance, artistic, 287–90

Hilda of Whitby (Saint), 160

Hildegard of Bingen, 234, 236, 236

Hindus, in India, 342

Hippocrates, 213

Hippodrome (Constantinople), 164–65

Hirado (island), 345

Hispaniola, 333, 336

Histories(Tacitus), 132

History and historians: Greek, 62–63;

Hellenistic, 87

History of Rome, The(Livy), 108, 131–32

History of the Peloponnesian War

(Thucydides), 61, 63

History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in

England, The(Clarendon), 375–76

Hittites: Assyrians and, 36; empire of, 29

Hobbes, Thomas, 377–78

Hohenstaufen dynasty, 228–29, 261

Hohenzollern dynasty, 367

Holbein, Hans, the Younger, 303

Holidays, 202

Holland.SeeDutch; Netherlands

Holy Land, 230.See alsoCrusades; Israel and

Israelites (ancient); Jerusalem

Holy League, 320

Holy Office.SeeRoman Inquisition

Holy Roman Empire: in 12th century, 228

(map); in 14th century, 261 (map);

Catholic Church and, 263; divisions in,

359; France and, 308; German city-states

and, 261; Habsburgs and, 295, 308;

independence of states in, 361; monarchs

and monarchies in, 228–29; Thirty Years’

War and, 359, 361–62

Homer, 52; on Greek gods, 67;Iliadof, 52 ;

importance of, 52–54; Mycenae and, 51

Hominids, 2

Homo erectus, 2

Homo sapiens, 2

Homo sapiens sapiens,2, 3 (map)

Homosexuals and homosexuality: in Athens,

70; church condemnation of, 179;

medieval intolerance of, 239

Hondius, Henricus, 352

Hoplites: Greek, 54–55,55,59; Macedonian,

74

Horace (Roman poet), 105, 130

Horatius (Roman hero),94,94–95

Horses,184, 348

Horus (god), 19, 90

Household manuals, 373

Households: Carolingian, 179; of medieval

peasants, 202

House of Commons (England), 224, 260–61,

372

House of Lords (England), 224, 260–61, 374

House of Wisdom (Baghdad), 194

Housing: in Athens, 68; in cities, 209; in

Mesopotamia, 7; Neolithic, 4; Paleolithic,

4; Roman, 111

Huayna Inca, 336

Hudson, Henry, 346

Huguenots, 320, 363, 364–65

Humanism: Christian, 302–3; education and,

284; Luther and, 307; in Renaissance,

274; in Renaissance Italy, 281, 283–84;

sciences and, 386

Humans, early, 2–3

Hundred Years’ War, 256–58, 257 (map)

Hungary: Austria and, 367; Christianity in,

190–91; Magyars in, 181; Mongols in,

231; Ottomans and, 296, 309, 370;

revolts in, 362; Roman Catholicism in,

295

Huns, 150, 151, 230

Hunter-gatherers, of Old Stone Age, 3

Hunting, in Egypt, 22, 22

Hus, John, and Hussites, 296

Husbands, Hammurabi’s Code on, 11–12

Hussite wars, 296

Hydaspes River, Battle of the, 77, 78

Hyde, Edward (first earl of Clarendon),

375–76

Hygiene, 211

Hyksos people, 20

Hymn to Aten (Akhenaten), 21

Iberian peninsula, 293.See alsoPortugal;

Spain

Ibn al-Athir, 244

Ibn Fadlan, 192

Ibn Khaldun, 208–9

Ibn-Rushd.SeeAverroe ̈s

Ibn Sina.SeeAvicenna (Ibn Sina)

Ice age, ‘‘little,’’ 250, 358

Iceland, 183

Ideas, power of, 28

Ignatius of Loyola (Saint), 317,317, 318

Iˆle de France, 224

Iliad(Homer), 52,52, 53

Illness.SeeDisease; Medicine

Illyrians, Philip II (Macedonia) and, 74

Imitation of Christ, The(Thomas a`Kempis),

304

Immortality: Mesopotamian search for, 14;

in mystery religions, 142

Immortals (Persian infantry), 44

Imperator (Rome), 122

Imperialism: in 19th century, 352; Athenian,

60–61, 62; Egyptian, 20; Roman, 104,

125

Imperium(Rome), 98

Imports, 353

Inca Empire, 336, 336

Incarnation, 215

Incest, Hammurabi’s Code on, 12

Independents, Puritans as, 374

Index of Forbidden Books, 319

India: Alexander the Great in, 77; civilization

in, 6; Dutch and, 342; England and, 342,

344, 351; France and, 342, 351;

Hellenistic sculpture and, 88, 88 ; Jesuits

in, 317; Mauryan Empire in, 81; Mughal

Empire in, 342, 342 (map); Persians and,

40; Portugal and, 329–30, 342; spice

trade in, 332

Indian Ocean region, 167, 342

Indians (Native Americans): conversion of,

337; in Latin American society, 348;

Spanish treatment of, 336–37; use of

term, 333

Individualism, 281, 288

Indo-European languages, 28, 29 (tab.), 97;

of Persians, 40

Indo-European peoples, 28–29, 40, 51

Indo-Iranian languages, 29 (tab.)

Indonesia, Dutch and, 341, 348

Induction, 399

Indulgences, 304, 305, 306

Indus River region, 6, 77 (map)

Industry: Greek colonization and, 56; in

medieval cities, 211; in Renaissance, 276,

286; in Roman Empire, 129

Infant mortality, 250

Infantry: Macedonian, 74.See alsoMilitary;

specific battles and wars

Inflation: in 16th century, 352; in late

Roman Empire, 148.See alsoEconomy

Inheritance: by Egyptian women, 23;

Hammurabi’s Code on, 12

Innocent III (Pope), 233,234,238,238,240,

245

Inquisition: Galileo and, 386, 390–91;

Roman, 238, 319, 390–91; Spanish,

294

Institutes of the Christian Religion(Calvin),

313

Instruction of the Vizier Ptah-hotep, The, 23

Insulae(Rome), 134

Intellectual thought: in Athens, 65–67;

Carolingian, 178; as characteristic of

civilizations, 6; Chinese influence on,

351; Christianity and, 160–62; classical

revival and, 213–14; in Hellenistic

world, 85, 86–87, 88–90; among Irish

monks, 158–59; Islamic, 194–95; of

Latin Fathers of Catholic Church, 161;

medieval universities and, 211–13, 212

(map),213,214; in Renaissance Italy,

281, 283–86; Roman law revival and,

214; Scholasticism and, 214–16; women

Index 421

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