Evolution The violent spirit to forge a civilization vol 1

(Rodrigo GrandaB_hQJo) #1

sharp as razor blades.


Other materials used by hominids are clay and glass, both of which


contain silicon compounds. Clay is made up of a collection of silicates and


was learned to be used for both pottery and construction. There is still not


enough information on how glass technology was discovered or began to be


used, but from archaeological finds, it was probably in Asia Minor before


12000 BC. By 1787 it was assumed that silica was an element; but, in the


same year Lavoisier suggested that this material was an oxide of some other


unknown element. Gay Lussac and Thénard were apparently the first to


produce silicon in 1811 by reduction of silicon fluoride with potassium; but


this is not recognized as the discovery. Berzelius in 1817 reports evidence


of a new element as a precipitate in an iron vessel. In 1823 he obtained it by


reacting potassium fluorosilicate with potassium metal, and by washing the


product with water he obtained a greyish powder which was amorphous


silicon. It was not until 1854 that silicon was obtained repeatedly by


Sainte-Claire Deville, who crystallized this element from electrolysis of


mixtures with chlorinated substances. This process was the origin of two


variants of amorphous silicon (^) [ 88 ].


«Silicon is the substance with the most important density for


the fourth industrial revolution. It is the semiconductor that


underpins the microelectronics industry, the computer


revolution, the information age and other fast-growing areas


revolutionized by modern electronics. Since the third industrial


revolution, silicon has been an important element in many


industrial processes. Silicon dioxide (sand and clay) is an


important constituent of concrete and bricks and is used in the


production of Portland cement.»


«So because of its semiconducting properties, its use in


the manufacture of transistors, solar cells and all kinds of


semiconductor devices is already part of our culture. So any

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