[ 48 ]Britannica Dictionary definition of RATIONAL. 1 :
based on facts or reason and not on emotions or feelings a
rational decision/choice. I'm sure there is a rational
[=sensible, reasonable] explanation for his decision. 2 :
having the ability to reason or think about things clearly. No
rational [=sane] person would behave like that. Humans are
rational beings. [=are able to use reason when thinking about
something] http://www.britannica.com/dictionary/rational
[ 49 ]Neural networks, also known as artificial neural
networks (ANNs) or simulated neural networks (SNNs), are
a subset of machine learning and are at the heart of deep
learning algorithms. Their name and structure are inspired by
the human brain, mimicking the way that biological neurons
signal to one another. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are
comprised of a node layers, containing an input layer, one or
more hidden layers, and an output layer. Each node, or
artificial neuron, connects to another and has an associated
weight and threshold. If the output of any individual node is
above the specified threshold value, that node is activated,
sending data to the next layer of the network. Otherwise, no
data is passed along to the next layer of the network. Neural
networks rely on training data to learn and improve their
accuracy over time. However, once these learning algorithms
are fine-tuned for accuracy, they are powerful tools in
computer science and artificial intelligence, allowing us to
classify and cluster data at a high velocity. Tasks in speech
recognition or image recognition can take minutes versus
hours when compared to the manual identification by human
experts. http://www.ibm.com/topics/neural-networks
[ 50 ]Deep learning is a subset of machine learning, which is
essentially a neural network with three or more layers. These
neural networks attempt to simulate the behavior of the
human brain—albeit far from matching its ability—allowing
it to “learn” from large amounts of data. While a neural
network with a single layer can still make approximate
predictions, additional hidden layers can help to optimize and
refine for accuracy. Deep learning drives many artificial
intelligence (AI) applications and services that improve
automation, performing analytical and physical tasks without
human intervention. Deep learning technology lies behind
everyday products and services (such as digital assistants,
voice-enabled TV remotes, and credit card fraud detection)
as well as emerging technologies (such as self-driving cars).
http://www.ibm.com/topics/deep-learning
[ 51 ]The origin of life and the nature of the primitive gene.
A.G. Cairns-Smith. Abstract: It is proposed that life on earth
evolved through natural selection from inorganic crystals.
During the formation of a crystal, certain kinds of lattice
imperfections usually replicate as a necessary part of the
crystallization process. In so far as those imperfections that
replicate are thus self-selecting, any crystallization process is
likely to involve a rudimentary biological evolution. Under
simple laboratory conditions, such evolution would be
limited by the absence of any selection pressure for the
elaboration of very complex imperfection patterns. In
principle, however, the evolution of such genographs could
proceed to high levels since, in the form of such patterns,
many kinds of crystals could, in principle, hold very large
amounts of information. According to the specific theory that
is proposed, the primitive genographs were patterns of
substitutions in colloidal clay crystallites (The theoretical
information density in such a crystallite is comparable to that
in DNA.) Evolution proceeded through selective elaboration
of substitutional genographs that had survival value for the
clay crystallites that held them (at first through genetically
controlled adsorption of a “spectrum” of organic molecules)
within a complex, dynamic, primitive environment. A
gradual “take-over” of the control machinery by organic
macro molecules —a genetic metamorpho-sis— is then
considered to have occurred. The arguments are based on
general considerations leading first to the idea of some kind
of genetic metamorphosis having occurred, and then to the
conception of the primitive gene as a crystal. The specific
(silicate) theory follows. Finally, a speculative outline is
given for the main stages between the inorganic crystal and
the first purely “organic” organisms. Possible current
implications are briefly considered, including a suggestion in
connection with carcinogenesis.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/ 00225193669
01780[ 52 ]Published: December 1975. Speculations on the origin
and evolution of metabolism. Hyman Hartman. Journal of
Molecular Evolution volume 4 , pages 359 – 370 ( 1975 ).
Summary: An autotrophic origin of metabolism is described,
which requires clays, transition state metals, disulfide and
dithiols, U.V. and cyanide ion. A general scheme is proposed,
involving the fixation of CO 2 and N 2 for the evolution of
interme-diary metabolism based on the evolu-tion of a
complex system from a simple one. The basic conclusion is
that metabolism could have evolved from a simple
environment rather than from a complex one.
https://link.springer.com/article/ 10. 1007 /BF 01732537[ 53 ]The Fourth Industrial Revolution represents a
fundamental change in the way we live, work and relate to
one another. It is a new chapter in human development,
enabled by extraordinary technology advances
commensurate with those of the first, second and third
industrial revolutions. These advances are merging the
physical, digital