Pérez, Adrián Pablos, Ignacio Martínez, Rolf M. Quam,
Asier Gómez-Olivencia, José María Bermúdez de Castro,
Eudald Carbonell. Published: May 27 , 2015. Abstract:
Evidence of interpersonal violence has been documented
previously in Pleistocene members of the genus Homo, but
only very rarely has this been posited as the possible manner
of death. Here we report the earliest evidence of lethal
interpersonal violence in the hominin fossil record. Cranium
17 recovered from the Sima de los Huesos Middle
Pleistocene site shows two clear perimortem depression
fractures on the frontal bone, interpreted as being produced
by two episodes of localized blunt force trauma. The type of
injuries, their location, the strong similarity of the fractures in
shape and size, and the different orientations and implied
trajectories of the two fractures suggest they were produced
with the same object in face-to-face interpersonal conflict.
Given that either of the two traumatic events was likely lethal,
the presence of multiple blows implies an intention to kill.
This finding shows that the lethal interpersonal violence is an
ancient human behavior and has important implications for
the accumulation of bodies at the site, supporting an
anthropic origin.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id= 10. 1371 /journal.p
one. 0126589[ 44 ]Fundación Atapuerca. Carretera de Logroño, 44 -
09198 Ibeas de Juarros (Burgos, España). Tfno. y fax: 947
257 067. The Atapuerca Foundation is a non-profit
organization based in the Burgos town of Ibeas de Juarros, 3
km from the Atapuerca Mountains. The Foundation was
created to support a scientific research project on human
evolution: the Atapuerca Project. The Atapuerca sites began
to have special scientific and social relevance after the
discovery of the remains of the Sima de los Huesos in 1992 ,
and the discovery, two years later, of the human remains
(more than 900 , 000 years old) that defined a new species
known as Homo antecessor. The Atapuerca Research Team
(EIA) received the Prince of Asturias Award for Technical
and Scientific Research in 1997 and in 2000 UNESCO
declared the Atapuerca sites a World Heritage Site. In order
to promote and contribute to this recognition, on 26 July
1999 the Atapuerca Foundation was constituted on the
initiative of the three co-directors of the Project: Juan Luis
Arsuaga, José María Bermúdez de Castro and Eudald
Carbonell, with the broad objective of supporting and
disseminating the Atapuerca Project. On July 7 , 2009 , H.M.
Queen Sofía inaugurated the Atapuerca Foundation
Headquarters in Ibeas de Juarros (Burgos).
http://www.atapuerca.org/[ 45 ]Study plans. The Royal Order creating the original
hydroxylellestadite. The occurrence of churchite-(Y) and
foggite is related to uano-leaches that reacted with subjacent
limestone and different allogenic cave sediments.
https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/geologia/vol 52 /iss 2 /art 1 /
[ 40 ]On 14 September 1822 , in Paris, Jean François
Champollion, a young Frenchman with a passion for Egypt,
succeeded in deciphering the hieroglyphic writing of the
ancient Egyptians. http://www.rfi.fr/es/programas/mundo-
ciencia/ 20221104 - champollion-c%C 3 %B 3 mo-
logr%C 3 %B 3 - descifrar-la-escritura-jerogl%C 3 %ADfica
[ 41 ]Giovanni Battista Belzoni, (born Nov. 5 , 1778 , Padua,
Republic of Venice—died Dec. 3 , 1823 , Gwato, Benin),
excavator of Egyptian archaeological sites. Originally
planning to join a religious order, Belzoni went to England in
1803 where he turned his powerful six-foot seven-inch
physique to earning a living as a circus strong man. He also
exhibited models of hydraulic engines and in 1815 he went to
Cairo to offer to Muḥammad ʿAlī Pasha, the founder of
modern Egypt, hydraulic engines for use in irrigation. Two
years later he had embarked on a new career, excavating
Egyptian tombs and temples for their treasures with scant
regard for incidental damage to less desirable items. Many of
his archaeological feats might today be regarded as pillage.
http://www.britannica.com/biography/Giovanni-Battista-Belzoni
[ 42 ]The Atapuerca mountain range sites are located about
15 km east of the city of Burgos. They began to have special
scientific and social relevance after the discovery of the
remains of the Sima de los Huesos in 1992 , and the discovery,
two years later, of human remains (more than 900 , 000 years
old) that defined a new species known as Homo antecessor.
In 2000 , UNESCO declared the Atapuerca sites a World
Heritage Site. In order to promote and contribute to this
recognition, on 26 July 1999 the Atapuerca Foundation was
set up on the initiative of the three co-directors of the Project:
Juan Luis Arsuaga, José María Bermúdez de Castro and
Eudald Carbonell, with the broad objective of supporting and
disseminating the Atapuerca Project. Fossil remains and
evidence of the presence of five different hominid species
have been found at the Atapuerca sites: Homo sp. (yet to be
determined, 1 , 300 , 000 years old), Homo antecessor ( 850 , 000
years old), preneanderthal ( 500 , 000 years old), Homo
neanderthalensis ( 50 , 000 years old) and Homo sapiens.
http://www.atapuerca.org/es/atapuerca/Yacimientos-de-Atapuerca
[ 43 ]Lethal Interpersonal Violence in the Middle
Pleistocene. Nohemi Sala, Juan Luis Arsuaga, Ana Pantoja-