Industrial School of Béjar was accompanied by the School‘s
budget, which lists the types of teachers to be hired and the
subjects they were to teach, so we can get an idea of the
curriculum. In addition to the teaching of first letters by a
teacher in charge of this activity alone, a first-year professor
of mathematics was to teach "complements of arithmetic,
progressions and logarithms, with applications of this
calculation, double entry and the practice of all mercantile
operations". The second-year professor of mathematics had
to teach "elementary geometry and notions of descriptive
geometry; conic sections considered graphically; rectilinear
trigonometry; applications of geometry and trigonometry to
the arts and surveying". In the third year, industrial
mechanics, physics and chemistry had to be taught. In
addition, line drawing and modelling were included as a
minimum. In 1886 , in the schools of Alcoy, Almería, Béjar,
Gijón, Logroño, Santiago and Villanueva y Geltrú,
Arithmetic, Geometry, Physics, Chemistry, Mechanics,
French Language, Knowledge of Materials, Construction and
Drawing were taught, in addition to Workshop and
Laboratory classes, to which were later added Engines and
Boilers, and Electricity.
https://electricidad.usal.es/Principal/Circuitos/Comentarios/T
emas/EnsIndusyFerrocarril.php
[ 46 ]Plants are intelligent, here’s how Paco Calvo, Monica
Gagliano, Gustavo M Souza, Anthony Trewavas Author
Notes: Annals of Botany, Volume 125 , Issue 1 , 2 January
2020 , Pages 11 – 28 , Published: 20 October 2019.
Hypotheses: The drive to survive is a biological universal.
Intelligent behaviour is usually recognized when individual
organisms including plants, in the face of fiercely
competitive or adverse, real-world circumstances, change
their behaviour to improve their probability of survival.
Scope: This article explains the potential relationship of
intelligence to adaptability and emphasizes the need to
recognize individual variation in intelligence showing it to be
goal directed and thus being purposeful. Intelligent behaviour
in single cells and microbes is frequently reported. Individual
variation might be underpinned by a novel learning
mechanism, described here in detail. The requirements for
real-world circumstances are outlined, and the relationship to
organic selection is indicated together with niche
construction as a good example of intentional behaviour that
should improve survival. Adaptability is important in crop
development but the term may be complex incorporating
numerous behavioural traits some of which are indicated.
Conclusion: There is real biological benefit to regarding
plants as intelligent both from the fundamental issue of
understanding plant life but also from providing a direction
for fundamental future research and in crop breeding.
https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/ 125 / 1 / 11 / 5575979[ 47 ]The history of the Memory of Water. Yolène Thomas.
Abstract: 'Homeopathic dilutions' and 'Memory of Water' are
two expressions capable of turning a peaceful and intelligent
person into a violently irrational one,' as Michel Schiff points
out in the introduction of his book 'The Memory of Water'.
The idea of the memory of water arose in the laboratory of
Jacques Benveniste in the late 1980 s and 20 years later the
debate is still ongoing even though an increasing number of
scientists report they have confirmed the basic results. This
paper first provides a brief historical overview of the context
of the high dilution experiments then moves on to digital
biology. One working hypothesis was that molecules can
communicate with each other, exchanging information
without being in physical contact and that at least some
biological functions can be mimicked by certain energetic
modes characteristics of a given molecule. These
considerations informed exploratory research which led to
the speculation that biological signaling might be
transmissible by electromagnetic means. Around 1991 , the
transfer of specific molecular signals to sensitive biological
systems was achieved using an amplifier and electromagnetic
coils. In 1995 , a more sophisticated procedure was
established to record, digitize and replay these signals using a
multimedia computer. From a physical and chemical
perspective, these experiments pose a riddle, since it is not
clear what mechanism can sustain such 'water memory' of the
exposure to molecular signals. From a biological perspective,
the puzzle is what nature of imprinted effect (water structure)
can impact biological function. Also, the far-reaching
implications of these observations require numerous and
repeated experimental tests to rule out overlooked artifacts.
Perhaps more important is to have the experiments repeated
by other groups and with other models to explore the
generality of the effect. In conclusion, we will present some
of this emerging independent experimental work.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 17678810 /