Collectively, the research conducted by
Beran, Gulledge, and Washburn has
highlighted the mathematical abilities
of non-human primates, challenging
the notion that advanced numerical
cognition is a uniquely human trait.
Their studies have demonstrated that
certain aspects of numerical
understanding, including basic
arithmetic operations and quantitative
discrimination, can be observed in
primates. This research not only
deepens our understanding of animal
cognition but also informs our
knowledge of the evolutionary roots of
mathematical abilities.