PERSIANSthe conquest of upper Iraq, a marzbiin was captured and put to death
while his children were spared.^88 In the second case, in the process of
quelling a rising at Nahr Tira on the border between the Sawad of
Basra and Ahwaz in 644, sixty young men (Ar. sg. ghulam) who were
the sons of dahiiqtn were taken captive. In this case, however, the
young men were ransomed and the amount was divided among the
Muslims.^89
The initial result of captivity was the physical removal of a large
number of Persian women and children from Iraq, most of whom were
sent off to Madina with the other booty. According to Ya 'qlibI, Khalid
had taken captives at Kaskar and Baniqya.^90 At Ullays, captives are
said to have been taken as never before.^91 It was during this raid that
the procession conveying the daughter of Azadhbihto her new hus-
band at Sinnin was intercepted, and she was captured along with thirty
women of the dahiiqtn and one hundred attendants.^92 At 'Ayn Tamr,
after the garrison was slaughtered, all of the noncombatants in the
fortress were taken captive.^93 After Khalid left for Syria, in the cam-
paign that led up to the battle of the Bridge, more captives were taken
at Zandaward^94 and at Bitiq in Nahr Jawbar.^95 Captives were also
taken at Ubulla when it fell to 'Utba ibn Ghazwan.^96
The longer the Muslims remained in Iraq, the less likely it was for
captives to be sent back to Madina. As successful campaigns led to
permanent occupation, the result of the advance of Muslim armies to
the east and north was to rearrange the Persian population in Iraq.
The dependents of the Persian army that was defeated at Jalula' were
taken captive at Khaniqin, including, it is said, a daughter or grand-
daughter of Khusraw 11 Parviz named Manjana. Since their captors
returned to Mada'in and ultimately settled in Kufa, there is good
reason to believe that at least a number of captive Persian women and
children were also settled at Kufa.^97 Some of the veterans of Qadisiyya
88 Mingana, Sources syriaques, p. 230.
89 Tabart, Ta'rlkh, I, 2710-11.
90 Ya'qiibi, Ta'rlkh, n, 147.
91 Abii Yiisuf, Khariij, pp. 219-20; Tabari, Ta'rlkh, I, 2036-37.
92 Tabari, Ta'rlkh, I, 2233; Ya'qiibi, Ta'rlkh, n, 163.
93 Tabari:, Ta'rlkh, I, 2063-64. These captives, who were probably the dependents
of the Persian garrison, should be distinguished from the captives taken from the town
of 'Ayn Tamr, who were Arabs.
94 Baladhuri, Futii!;, p. 251.
95 Tabari, Ta'rzkh, I, 2170.
96 Ibid., I, 2384-85.
97 Dinawari, Akhbar at-tiwiil, p. 136; Tabari, Ta'rzkh, I, 2359, 2464, 2473.