ARABS: NATIVESwas the best represented in the garrison cities. Most of them settled
at Basra, where they established their own neighborhood in the city
and formed their own division in the Basran army.82 A few settled at
Kufa, at first in the suburbs, without any tribal district;83 but by 660
they had a residential district of their own within the city.84 Members
of Tamlm, Asad, Taymallat, and Taghlib settled there as well,8s and
Christians of the tribe of 'Ijl were living in Kufa in 660.^86PASTORAL ARABS: ISLAMIC IRAQThe effect of the conquest on the rural economy and on the pastoral
Arab population of Iraq should be evaluated carefully. The destruc-
tiveness of the conquest, the death in battle of many of the tribesmen
and the deportation of their women and children as captives to the
Hijaz, the tendency for those who joined the Muslims to abandon
their pastoral way of life and to settle in the garrison cities, and the
expansion of agriculture along the lower Euphrates after the conquest
all give the impression of a decline in pastoralism, particularly in
western and southern Iraq, at least as an immediate result of the
conquest.' Still, in spite of all of these factors, the geographical distri-
bution of the major pre-Islamic Arab tribes and the pastoral economy
do not seem to have been affected too seriously by the conquest. There
was a sheep market in Kufa and a camel market at Basra.^87 There
were bedouin west of Kufa in the time of 'AII,88 and a group of the
Banii Asad were settled at -the village of Ghadiriyya on the Euphrates
northeast of Karbala in 680,89 although most of them remained in
north Arabia during this period.^90 The Tayyi' were still to be found
south of Iraq in the north Arabian desert;91 the Banii Sulaym still had
their oases in the desert south of Iraq;92 and the Banii Tamlm domi-
nated the land south of Basra.^93 Elements of Bakr ibn Wa'il were to
82 Pdlat, Milieu ba~rien, pp. 23, 24; Tabari, Ta'rlkh, I, 3131, 3179, 3181; 11, 448,
720,857.
83 Tabari, Ta'fikh, I, 3174; 11, 644, 701, Ya'qiibi, Les pays, p. 144.
84 Tabari, Ta'rlkh, I, 3460.
85 Ibid., I, 2489-90, 3174.
86 Ibid., I, 3460.
87 Ibid., 11, 268, 437.
88 Ibid., I, 3447.
89 Ibid., 11, 368.
90 Ibid., I, 3140.
91 Ibid., I, 3140, 11, 304.
92 Ibid., I, 3355.
93 Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqiit, VII(1), 24.