ARABS: IMMIGRANTSwere taken captive in Khurasan in 657.^18 This attitude was eventually
enshrined in the l:Ianafi system of Islamic law which forbade a Muslim
man to marry a Magian woman.^19
PATTERNS OF URBAN SETTLEMENT: KUFA
The nucleus of the Muslim Arab army that conquered Iraq came
from the Hijaz. Although these Arabs were organized tribally from a
social point of view, they were not pastoralists. They already had been
sedentary and urbanized at Makka and Madina, and the urban forms
they introduced into Iraq came most immediately from the Hijaz.
Following the precedents set at Hira, the foundation and development
of the garrison cities of Basra and Kufa serve as important examples
of the introduction of the tribally organized Arab city into Iraq.
When Sa'd's army returned from the occupation of Mada'in in 638,
it set up permanent camp at the site of the monastic community of
'Aqola between Hira and the Euphrates river.2D The new city of Kufa
founded by the army was settled by thirty thousand veterans of the
Battle of Qadisiyya. Among them were the survivors of the Madinese
contingent of six thousand men, which included seventy or eighty who'
had been with Mul}.ammad at the Battle of Badr and three hundred
who had been with him at Hudaybiya.^21 Most of the rest of the settlers
are accounted for by the estimated twelve thousand Yamani Arabs
who occupied the east side of Kufa and by the eight thousand Nizari
Arabs who settled the western side of the city.22
At the center of Kufa, Sa'd established the congregational masjid
and the complex of government buildings with an open space around
them in which the camels were tethered and where the marketplace
was established.^23 Certain privileged individuals, the leaders of clans
or leaders of the Madinese contingent, were granted parcels of land
(Ar. sg. qati'a) on which to settle. The people from Madina (the An~ar)
18 TabarI, Ta'rikh, I, 3350.
19 Abii Yiisuf, Khariij, pp. 198, 201.
20 Ibid., pp. 47-48; BaladhurI, Futu~, pp. 253,267-68,276; TabarI, Ta'rikh, I, 2174,
2383-84,2389,2488-89,2492-95,2540; n, 617, 651; Ya<qiibi, Les pays, pp. 141-
45; idem, Ta'rikh, n, 173.
21 Ibn al-FaqIh, Buldiin, p. 166; Ibn Sa<d, Tabaqiit, VI, 4; TabarI, Ta'rikh, I, 2540;
Ya<qiibI, Ta'rikh, n, 171.
22 BaladhurI, Futu~, p. 276.
23 Ibn al-FaqIh, Buldiin, p. 163; TabarI, Ta'rikh, J, 2488-89, 2492-93; Ya'qiibi, Les
pays, p. 145; idem, Ta'rmh, n, 173.