PEOPLEand an equal number from Kufa to Khurasan as a permanent garri-
son.lO? Arabs also traveled and moved back and forth between Iraq
and Syria and different parts of Arabia. In 661 Mu'awiya exiled some
of 'All's supporters from Kufa and settled some of his own supporters
from Syria, the J azira, and Basra in the houses they vacated. lOB More
Syrians came to Iraq as Marwani occupying forces after the second
fitna, and the garrison at Wasit in the early eighth century was rotated
from Syria.
Although it was not extensive in the seventh century, some settle-
ment by Arabs occurred outside of cities and towns in the agricultural
countryside of Iraq. In about 640, 'Umar had transported some forty
thousand non-Muslim Arabs from the town of Najran in Yaman to
Iraq. Their attempt to settle in occupied villages in the Sawad was
resisted by the villagers they displaced. The resistance of Magian Day-
lamis at a village near Kufa proved successful. After 'Umar died in
642, the Najraniyya moved on to the village of Nahraban closer to
Kaskar, where they displaced the Persian landlords. By the early eighth
century, the number of the Najraniyya was reduced to about ten
thousand because of death or conversion.^109
The land grants of state property near Kufa made by 'Uthman and
his governor in Kufa, Sa'id ibn al-'Al?, to leading Kufans in the 650s
created a group of absentee Arab landlords who spent part of their
time on their estates. A good early example is Zurara ibn Yazid, whose
residence (Ar. manzi/) was at his estate called Zurara near Jisr, close
to Kufa.llo The village of Daylamiyya on the west bank of the Tigris,
about ten miles from Mada'in, belonged to Qudama ibn al-'Ajlan al-
Azdi in 663.^111 'All is reported to have settled two groups of Arabs
east of Takrit at Bawazij.ll2 Arabs of the Azd tribe lived in the sub-
district of Lower Bihqubadh called Rudhmistan by the end of the
seventh century.ll3 The settlement of Arab bedouin after the seventh
107 Tabari, Ta'rtkh, n, 81.
108 Ibid., I, 1920. Specifically, Qa'qa' ibn 'Amr was exiled to Jerusalem.
109 Abii Yiisuf, Khariij, pp. 110, 112; Baladhurl, Futub, pp. 66-67; Tabari, Ta'rlkh,
I, 2595; Yaqiit, Buldiin, IV, 757-58. Both Waqidi and Baladhuri include Jews among
the Najraniyya, but everything else that is known about them suggests that they were
all Christian.
110 Ibn al-Faqih, Buldiin, p. 182; Yaqiit, Buldiin, n, 921. Zurara was in charge of the
Kufan shurta for Sa'id ibn al-'A~, and his property at Zurara was confiscated by
Mu'awiya.
111 Tabari, Ta'rlkh, II, 57-58.
112 Ibn l:Iawqal, $urat ai-art;[, pp. 245-46.
113 Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqiit, VII, 113. This text has Rudhmaysan.