MUSLIMS: DOCTRINESistration of Mada'in, and both of them settled there.^66 'Uthman ibn
Hunayf collected taxes in the Euphrates districts, and 'Am mar ibn
Yasir was governor of Kufa briefly under 'Umar I.
Although some of 'All's proteges, such as 'Ammar ibn Yasir and
Abii Dharr al-Ghifari, were active opponents of 'Uthman, the op-
position to 'Uthman that developed in Iraq in the 650s had nothing
to do with support for 'All. It was a consequence of the rise of the
postconquest elite in the garrison cities of Iraq and its growing dom-
ination of economic resources and leadership. The dissidents included
future partisans of 'All as well as future Khawarij. Malik al-Ashtar,
Sulayman ibn Surad al-Khuza'i, Sa'~a'a ibn SiilJ.an, and Hujr ibn
'AdI al-KindI were among those who protested the policy of Sa'id
ibn al-'.As at Kufa. Malik al-Ashtar led the rebellion at Kufa in 656,
took two hundred Kufans to Madina, participated in the assassination
of 'Uthman, and afterwards acclaimed 'All as Commander of the
Faithful.^67 When 'All came to Iraq, the dissident elements there sup-
ported him to the extent that he supported their interests. 'All is
generally reported to have restored the policies of 'Umar I in Iraq.
Dissident members of polarized tribal groups gravitated to his camp.
Such were the members of the 'Abd al-Qays at Basra who joined him
at the Battle of the Camel. At Kufa, Hujr ibn 'AdI's contest with the
family of al-Ash'ath ibn Qays for the leadership (Ar. riyasa) of Kinda
led him to support 'All in return for the latter's patronage. When al-
Hasan ibn 'All and 'Ammar came to Kufa to get support before the
Battle of the Camel, I:Iujr is said to have turned the tide of opinion
in the debate in the masjid in favor of joining 'All.68
'All's real supporters in Iraq were only identified at the Battle of
Siffin. Sulayman ibn Surad was in charge of the infantry on 'All's
right wing. Malik al-Ashtar, I:Iujr ibn 'AdI, and 'Amr ibn al-I:Iamiq
al-Khuza'I all fought at Siffin, where I:Iujr was wounded. But 'All's
followers split over the issue of arbitration. Those who became Kha-
warij realized that 'An did not really support their interests. Those
who stood by 'All expected that his leadership would advance their
personal interests. Sulayman ibn Surad protested the arbitration agree-
ment to 'All but did not join the Khawarij. I:Iujr ibn 'Adi and 'Amr
66 Baiadhurl, Futu!;, p. 289; Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqiit, VI, 8-9, VII(2), 64-65; Tabari,
Ta'rlkh, I, 2374, 2645; Ya'qiibi, Les pays, pp. 162-63.
67 Baiadhurl, Ansiib, V, 59; Jafri, Shi'a Islam, p. 82.
68 Dinawari, Akhbiir at-tiwiil, pp. 154, 238.