ADMINISTRATIONthe legend "Mu'awiya, Commander of the Faithful" (Ar.lM.P. amir-
i viruishnikan) was written in Pahlavi script in front (see Fig. 1£).54
During the second civil war, coins which were struck in the East for
the rival Commander of the Faithful, 'Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr, bore
either his name with the title amir-i virroyishnikan and dates in the era
of Yazdagerd from fifty-four to sixty-three (A.D. 685-94) or his name
and patronymic (Apdula-i Zupiran) with the dates from A.H. 62-
69/A.D. 681-88 (see fig. 19 and h).55 The leader of the Azraqi Khariji
group of Muslim rebels, 'Abdulhih ibn al-Fuja'a al-Qa!ari also an-
nounced his claim to the caliph ate by striking coins with his name and
patronymic or the title "Commander of the Faithful" on them from
688 until 694.56 The last Commander of the Faithful to be represented
on the Arab-Sasanian coins was 'Abd al-Malik (685-705), whose
Khusraw-style coins bore either the legend "'Abd al-Malik ibn Mar-
wan" or "'Abd al-Malik, Commander of the Faithful."57
Coins in the Sasanian style were also struck by governors in Iraq
and the East beginning with 'Abdullah ibn 'Amir, who was governor
of Basra for Mu'awiya from A.H 411A.D. 661 until A.H 45/A.D. 665
and whose Khusraw-type coins bear the name-legend Apdula-i Amiran
and are dated from forty-one through forty-four, presumably in the
era of the Hijra.^58 Ziyad also struck coins of this type bearing his own
name in the form of "Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan," which documented his
formal adoption as the brother of Mu'awiya (see fig. 2a). Ziyad is
also supposed to have demanded that taxes be paid in the heavier
Khusrawi coins rather than in the lighter coins struck by the Islamic
government, probably in order to profit from the difference in weight
by restriking them as lighter dirhams.^59 Both Samura ibn Jundab and
'Ubaydullah ibn Ziyad struck coins in their own names as governors
of Iraq, and 'Ubaydullah is said to have struck the first debased dir-
hams (Ar. zuyufJ.60
Further innovations were introduced in the Arab-Sasanian coins
54 R. Curiel, "Monnaies Arabo-Sasanides," Revue numismatique, Ser. 6, no. 7 (1965),
325-27; Miles, "Dirham," p. 319; Walker, Arab-Sassanian Coins, p. xxvi.
55 Walker, Arab-Sassanian Coins, pp. xxv, xlii, 33-36.
56 Ibid., pp. lxi, 112-13.
57 Ibid., pp. 26--27, 33.
58 Tabari, Ta'rlkh, n, 15, 71; Ya'qiibi, Ta'rlkh, n, 258; Walker, Arab-Sassanian
Coins, pp. xlvi, 47.
59 Mawardi, Abkam as-su[taniyya, p. 77; Walker, Arab-Sassanian Coins, pp. xlii-iv,
40,42.
60 Baladhuri, Futiib, p. 468; Walker, Arab-Sassanian Coins, pp. xlv, xlvii-ix, 55, 57-
60, 66--67, 69-70.