RESOURCESsiphon," Mesopotamia 1 (1966): 1-88, with sixteen plates and thirty-
four illustrations. Pages 7 to 38 of the latter contain Gullini's "Prob-
lems of an Excavation in Northern Babylonia." One of their first
discoveries was that the round city was Veh-Ardashir (the Coche or
"Seleucia" of late Sasanian Christian literature) instead of Ctesiphon.
Further reports by G. Gullini et al. have appeared in Mesopotamia 2
(1967): 7-133; 3-4 (1968-69): 7-158; 5-6 (1970-71): 4-104; 7
(1972): 9-41; and 12 (1977): 7-14. The discovery of a late Sasanian
fort at Tell Umar is reported by A. Invernizzi in "The Excavations at
Tell 'Umar," Mesopotamia 5-6 (1970-71): 13-19. Excavations at
the only part of the round city where Islamic period remains are likely
to survive are reported by R. Venco Ricciardi in "Trial Trench at Tell
Baruda (Coche)," Mesopotamia 8-9 (1973-74): 15-20. General re-
sults are summarized by T. Madhloom in "al-Mada'in Cflsfiin 1970-
1971)," Sumer 27 (1971): 129-46, and by A. Invernizzi, "Ten Years
Research in the al-Mada'in Area: Seleucia and Ctesiphon," Sumer 32
(1976): 167-75.
The two most important excavations at early Islamic sites in Iraq
are those at Wasit and Kufa. The results from Wasit were published
by F. Safar in Wiisit: The Sixth Season's Excavations (Cairo, 1945).
Those from Kufa were published by M. Mustafa in "Excavations at
Kufa (TaqrIr awaliyya 'an at-tanqib fi-l-Kiifa li-l-mawasim ath-thani),"
Sumer 10 (1954): 73-85; "Excavations at Kufa (Third Season) (Taqrir
awaliyya 'an at-tanqlb fi-l-Kiifa li-l-mawsim ath-thalith)," Sumer 12
(1956): 3-32, English translation by C. Kessler, "Preliminary Report
on the Excavations in Kiifa during the Third Season," Sumer 19 (1963):
36-65, with an excellent foldout plan of the Dar al-Imara; and "Dar
AI-Imara at Kufa," Sumer 13 (1957): 207-8 (Arabic text pp. 191-
92). There have been no systematic excavations at Mawsil, but see
S. EI-Daywachi's "Umayyad Mosque at Mosul (al-Jami' al-umawi fi-
I-Maw~il)," Sumer 6 (1950): 211-19. The only real attempt to use
material evidence as the basis for a general synthesis of the continuity
of social and artistic forms from Late Antiquity to the Islamic period
is by U. Monneret de Villard, Introduzione allo studio dell' archeologie
islamica (Venice, 1966), but the results are more suggestive than con-
clusive.
Archaeology also provides information about site occupation, which
has implications for demographic and ecological changes. "Tell Abii
Sarifa, a Sassanian-Islamic Ceramic Sequence from South Central Iraq,"
Ars Orientalis 8 (1970): 87-119, by R. Adams records the results of