RESOURCEStecture, A. History," in Pope's Survey II: 539-43. This section also
has a plan of the Iwan Kisra (Taq-i Kisra), pp. 543-45. One should
also compare the remains at Istakhr in D. Whitcomb, "The City of
Istakhr and the Marvdasht Plain," in Akten des VIII Internationalen
Kongresses fur Iranische Kunst & Archiiologie, 7-10 Sept. 1976, pp.
363-70.
Although the rock carving at Taq-i Bustan, located approximately
10 km. northeast of Kirmanshah, is not in Iraq, it is the only such
monument attributed to Khusraw II which, along with its differences
from early Sasanian reliefs, makes it particularly important. The in-
dispensable early discussions are those in E. Herzfeld's Am Tor von
Asien (Berlin, 1920), pp. 57-103; K. Erdmann's "Das Datum des Taqi
Bustan," Ars Islamica 4 (1937): 79-97, where the monument is at-
tributed to Peroz (Firiiz, A.D. 457-83); and Herzfeld's "Khosraw Par-
wiz und der Taqi Vastan," Archeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 9
(1933): 91-158, whose attribution of the monument to Khusraw II
tends to hold the field. For recent discussions and interpretations of
this monument, see P. Soucek, "Farhad and Taq-i Biistan: The Growth
of a Legend," in Studies in Honor of R. Ettinghausen, ed. P. J. Chel-
'kowski (New York, 1974), pp. 27-58, and M. C. Mackintosh, "Taqi
Bustan and Byzantine Art: A Case for Early Byzantine Influence on
the Reliefs of Taq-i Bustan, Iranica Antiqua 13 (1978): 149-77.
B. Finster and J. Schmidt's Sasanidische und fruhislamische Ruinen
im Iraq (Berlin, 1977) is an important and useful study of the mon-
uments along the Iraqi-Arabian frontier, especially in the region be-
tween Anbar and Hira. For buildings from the early Islamic period,
see K.A.C. Creswell, "A Bibiliography of Muslim Architecture of Mes-
opotamia," Sumer 12 (1956): 51-65, and his Early Muslim Archi-
tecture vol. I, part I (Oxford, 1969).
The fortified eighth-century palace at Ukhaydir is a major early
Islamic monument east of 'Ayn Tamr on the edge of Iraq. W. Caskel
identified it with the late Sasanian fortress called Qasr Muqatil and
suggested that it was rebuilt by 'Isa ibn 'An beginning in A.H. 145/
A.D. 762 in "al-UbaieJir," Der Islam 39 (1964): 29-37. M. B. al-
I:fusayni described the excavations there with plans, photographs, and
artifacts in "al-Ukhaydir," Sumer 22 (1966): 79-94. For the discovery
of a bath on the site, see R. Pagliero et al., "UbayeJir, an Instance of
Monument Restoration," Mesopotamia 2 (1967): 195-217. Ukhaydir
is also presented in Creswell's Early Muslim Architecture, vol. II (New
York, 1979), pp. 50-98. The general significance of such buildings is