RESOURCESEI(2), I: 435; and "Amlr," EI(2), 1:438-39. The best way to discover
what provincial administration was like in early Islamic Iraq is to
study the governors themselves, especially, but not only, Ziyad ibn
Ablhi and al-J:Iajjaj ibn Yiisuf. But the classic study on Ziyad by
H. Lammens, "Ziad ibn Ablhi vice-roi de l'Iraq," RSO 4 (1911-12):
1-45, 199-250, 653-93, surprisingly omits some important things.
K. Fariq's "A Remarkable Early Muslim Governor, Ziyad ibn Abih,"
Islamic Culture, 26 no. 4 (1952): 1-31, tends to be idealistic. J. Perier's
Vie d'al-Hadjdjadj Ibn Yousof d'apres les sources arabes (Paris, 1904)
is badly out of date but has not really been replaced by D. Salil).'s al-
ijajjaj ibn Yusuf ath-Thaqa(i (Beirut, 1966).
Studies of the early Islamic dzwan system have concentrated on its
origins in terms of etymology and "influence." They tend to confuse
'Umar's institution that paid graduated stipends based on Islamic
priority to noncombatants at Madina with the military dzwan.
M. Moosa's "The Dlwan of 'Umar Ibn AI-Khanab," Studies in Islam
2 (1965): 67-78, is a fairly simple description. G. Puin argues for the
influence of circumstances at Madina in Der Dzwan von 'Umar b. al-
I-jattab (Bonn, 1970). Both assume that they are also talking about
the Muslim military dzwan. No one seems to have tried to pin down
exactly what happened to 'Umar's dzwan at Madina after 'Umar, or
how long it lasted. Nor have the operations of the early Muslim
military dzwan or the places such dzwans existed at first really been
investigated. A. Tritton's "Notes on the Muslim System of Pensions,"
BSOAS 16 (1954): 170-72, is a small mass of undigested information.
C. Cahen's article on "'Ara'," EI(2), I: 729-30, concerns mostly the
stipends of the soldiers and the problems in the 'Abbasi period. For
the general bureaucratic structure of the Muslim dzwan system, see
A. A. Duri et aI., "Dlwan," EJ(2) 11: 323-37.
Information on military administration is available in the literature
on warfare and the organization of armies. On the Sasanian side one
can start with A.D.H. Bivar's "Cavalry Equipment and Tactics on the
Euphrates Frontier," DOP 26 (1972): 284-86, and W. F. Paterson's
discussion of Iranian traditions of archery in "The Sassanids," JSAA
12 (1969): 29-32. On early Muslim armies, see N. Fries, Das Heer-
eswesen der Araber zu Zeit der Omaijaden, nach Tabarz (Tiibingen,
1921), which is still a good account; H. Glidden's "A Note on Early
Arabian Military Organization," JAOS (1936), pp. 88-91; and
L. Beckmann, "Die muslimischen Heere der Eroberungszeit, 622-651"
(Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Hamburg, 1953). A French summary of A. Kubbel's